{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973204507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","title":"Image-based Motor Imagery EEG Classification using Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Image-based Motor Imagery EEG Classification using Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973204507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","mag":"2973204507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101494904","display_name":"Tao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-0730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109401437","display_name":"Kok Soon Phua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kok Soon Phua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112054338","display_name":"Juanhong Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanhong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046466569","display_name":"Thevapriya Selvaratnam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131313","display_name":"National Neuroscience Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03d58dr58","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thevapriya Selvaratnam","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018015844","display_name":"Valerie Toh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4455-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131313","display_name":"National Neuroscience Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03d58dr58","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie Toh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045440490","display_name":"Wai Hoe Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131313","display_name":"National Neuroscience Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03d58dr58","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Hoe Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131313"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320376","display_name":"Kai Keng Ang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-6311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Keng Ang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082304054","display_name":"Rosa Q. So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-9059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Q. So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78864378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8119337558746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.775642991065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.728202223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7075476050376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6942344307899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5189309120178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5052781701087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4248572587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3731735348701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36859434843063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.27563631534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1022314727306366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10120725631713867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8119337558746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.775642991065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.728202223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7075476050376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6942344307899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5189309120178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5052781701087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4248572587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3731735348701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36859434843063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.27563631534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1022314727306366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10120725631713867}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834598","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1965488317","https://openalex.org/W1969878365","https://openalex.org/W2008344458","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2111056588","https://openalex.org/W2112050930","https://openalex.org/W2158573165","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2750382711","https://openalex.org/W2766584688","https://openalex.org/W2783339817","https://openalex.org/W2784160801","https://openalex.org/W2792724009","https://openalex.org/W2899023928","https://openalex.org/W2899038747","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6631943919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2726121760","https://openalex.org/W2912288872","https://openalex.org/W3153891452","https://openalex.org/W2909857627","https://openalex.org/W3081496756","https://openalex.org/W1982635469","https://openalex.org/W2732542196","https://openalex.org/W2760085659","https://openalex.org/W4207027803","https://openalex.org/W3086857729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motor":[0],"Imagery":[1],"(MI)":[2],"based":[3,27,63],"Brain":[4],"Computer":[5],"Interface":[6],"(BCI)":[7],"has":[8],"clinical":[9],"applications":[10],"such":[11,34,70],"as":[12],"rehabilitation":[13],"or":[14],"communication":[15],"for":[16,151,188,229],"patients":[17],"who":[18],"have":[19],"lost":[20],"motor":[21],"functions.":[22],"Accurate":[23],"classification":[24,135,218,227],"of":[25,67,114,137,170,223],"motor-imagery":[26,113],"electroencephalography":[28],"(EEG)":[29],"is":[30],"important":[31,187],"in":[32,166,173],"developing":[33],"BCI":[35],"applications.":[36],"We":[37,82,162],"propose":[38],"an":[39],"image-based":[40,213],"approach":[41],"to":[42,49,111,128,148],"design":[43],"a":[44,99,130],"convolutional":[45],"neural":[46],"network":[47],"(CNN)":[48],"classify":[50],"EEG":[51,57,76,94,175],"signals.":[52],"In":[53,190],"the":[54,65,84,107,152,167,174,192,205,212,217,221,230],"proposed":[55,85],"method,":[56],"signals":[58],"were":[59,96],"converted":[60],"into":[61,80],"images":[62],"on":[64],"locations":[66],"scalp":[68],"electrodes,":[69],"that":[71,124,185,203,211],"spatial":[72,158],"correlation":[73,168],"between":[74],"neighbouring":[75],"channels":[77],"was":[78,109,126],"taken":[79],"consideration.":[81],"tested":[83],"CNN":[86,125,193,214],"architecture":[87,194],"with":[88,141,195],"both":[89],"2D":[90,142],"and":[91,118,139,143,179,220],"3D":[92,144],"kernels.":[93],"data":[95,176],"collected":[97],"from":[98],"locked-in":[100],"ALS":[101],"patient":[102],"over":[103],"5":[104],"weeks,":[105,178],"when":[106],"subject":[108],"instructed":[110],"perform":[112],"right":[115],"hand":[116],"movement":[117],"idle":[119],"state.":[120],"Cross-day":[121],"decoding":[122],"showed":[123],"able":[127],"achieve":[129],"2-class":[131],"(right":[132],"vs.":[133],"idle)":[134],"accuracy":[136],"68.38\u00b17.29%":[138],"65.94\u00b18.52%":[140],"kernels":[145],"respectively,":[146],"compared":[147],"55.09\u00b15.74":[149],"%":[150],"traditionally":[153],"used":[154],"filter":[155],"bank":[156],"common":[157],"pattern":[159],"(FBCSP)":[160],"method.":[161],"also":[163],"observed":[164],"changes":[165],"coefficient":[169],"spectral":[171],"entropy":[172],"across":[177],"these":[180],"coefficients":[181],"reveal":[182],"frequency":[183],"bands":[184],"are":[186],"decoding.":[189],"particular,":[191],"Delta":[196,206,224],"band":[197,225],"included":[198],"performed":[199],"6.96%":[200],"higher":[201],"than":[202],"excluding":[204],"band.":[207],"This":[208],"study":[209],"shows":[210],"method":[215],"improves":[216,226],"performance,":[219],"inclusion":[222],"performance":[228],"current":[231],"dataset.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}