{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200144357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377","title":"Weaponizing Words: Analyzing Fake News Accusations Against Two Online News Channels","display_name":"Weaponizing Words: Analyzing Fake News Accusations Against Two Online News Channels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200144357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 8th International Conference on Behavioral and Social Computing (BESC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083126896","display_name":"Joni Salminen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joni Salminen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016335813","display_name":"Milica Milenkovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120853","display_name":"Univerzitet Union Nikola Tesla","ror":"https://ror.org/02kgjn162","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120853"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milica Milenkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Union-Nikola Tesla University, Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Union-Nikola Tesla University, Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058043677","display_name":"Sercan Sengiun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47301684","display_name":"Illinois State University","ror":"https://ror.org/050kcr883","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sercan Sengiun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois State University Normal, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois State University Normal, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112865214","display_name":"Soon\u2010gyo Jung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soon-gyo Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044849571","display_name":"Bernard J. Jansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-6609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard. J. Jansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7913469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.735610842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6800470948219299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.6055049896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5656924247741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.5618867874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-accusation","display_name":"False accusation","score":0.5385459661483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5358145833015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theme","display_name":"Theme (computing)","score":0.5324317812919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4996488094329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.4916301369667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-media","display_name":"News media","score":0.46026426553726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.42351484298706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.3754696249961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.33467864990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.248379647731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2476697564125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18462562561035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.10337471961975098}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.735610842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6800470948219299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.6055049896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5656924247741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5618867874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59577422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10265143","display_name":"False accusation","level":2,"score":0.5385459661483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5358145833015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33566652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065927","display_name":"Theme (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5324317812919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4996488094329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.4916301369667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529147693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193236","display_name":"News media","level":2,"score":0.46026426553726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.42351484298706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3754696249961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33467864990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.248379647731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2476697564125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18462562561035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10337471961975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 8th International Conference on Behavioral and Social Computing (BESC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086830439","https://openalex.org/W2255312637","https://openalex.org/W2512009388","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2772863019","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2810732061","https://openalex.org/W2913649461","https://openalex.org/W2932779891","https://openalex.org/W2938068879","https://openalex.org/W2954262004","https://openalex.org/W2966382687","https://openalex.org/W2969418251","https://openalex.org/W2972331447","https://openalex.org/W2989674760","https://openalex.org/W2996079210","https://openalex.org/W3014090490","https://openalex.org/W3035268925","https://openalex.org/W3036950804","https://openalex.org/W3048862978","https://openalex.org/W3070920170","https://openalex.org/W3081168372","https://openalex.org/W3098829544","https://openalex.org/W3125618971","https://openalex.org/W3156491329","https://openalex.org/W4299429782","https://openalex.org/W6633171793","https://openalex.org/W6691987314","https://openalex.org/W6767848857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897010431","https://openalex.org/W2610867798","https://openalex.org/W3206179000","https://openalex.org/W3102522885","https://openalex.org/W2957600470","https://openalex.org/W2604556392","https://openalex.org/W2609845429","https://openalex.org/W3007807544","https://openalex.org/W2752459574","https://openalex.org/W2899516544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attacks":[0],"against":[1,38,64],"media":[2,75],"channels":[3,41,66],"are":[4,141],"increasing":[5],"in":[6,87],"social":[7],"media.":[8],"The":[9,80],"concept":[10],"of":[11,53,62,112,137,165],"fake":[12,118,150],"news":[13,40,115,129,151],"has":[14,153],"been":[15],"weaponized":[16],"to":[17,42,67,71,156],"label":[18],"and":[19,33,96,140],"discredit":[20],"content":[21],"with":[22],"which":[23],"one":[24],"does":[25,131],"not":[26,132],"agree.":[27],"Using":[28],"data":[29,51],"collected":[30],"from":[31,69],"Facebook":[32],"YouTube,":[34],"we":[35,58],"analyze":[36],"attacks":[37,63],"online":[39],"understand":[43],"the":[44,60,65,74,78,88,101,105,110,125,134,154,162],"logic":[45],"behind":[46],"them.":[47],"Based":[48],"on":[49],"programmatic":[50],"collection":[52],"4,":[54],"980,":[55],"783":[56],"comments,":[57],"calculate":[59],"prevalence":[61],"range":[68],"0.53%":[70],"2.10%":[72],"for":[73,109],"organization":[76],"owning":[77],"channels.":[79],"qualitative":[81],"analysis":[82],"reveals":[83],"five":[84],"major":[85,106],"themes":[86],"attacks:":[89],"Political,":[90],"Societal,":[91],"Environmental,":[92],"Economic":[93],"&":[94],"Industrial,":[95],"Opinionated.":[97],"We":[98],"find":[99],"that":[100,127],"political":[102],"theme":[103],"forms":[104],"entry":[107],"point":[108],"practice":[111],"labeling":[113,152],"a":[114,128],"outlet":[116],"as":[117,158,161],"news.":[119],"Users":[120],"predominantly":[121],"do":[122],"this":[123],"through":[124],"assertion":[126],"piece":[130],"address":[133],"\u201cother":[135],"side\u201d":[136],"an":[138],"argument":[139],"very":[142],"vocal":[143],"about":[144],"their":[145],"perceptions.":[146],"Implications":[147],"highlight":[148],"how":[149],"potential":[155],"become":[157],"detrimental":[159],"phenomenon":[160],"actual":[163],"fabrication":[164],"content.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}