{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220806194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049","title":"Next-generation BCIs: Brain-to-text Communication via Attempted Handwriting","display_name":"Next-generation BCIs: Brain-to-text Communication via Attempted Handwriting","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220806194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069025834","display_name":"Francis R. Willett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2652-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francis R. Willett","raw_affiliation_strings":["HHMI&#x0026; Stanford University,Depts. of EE &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Stanford,CA,USA,94305"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HHMI&#x0026; Stanford University,Depts. of EE &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Stanford,CA,USA,94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026877956","display_name":"Donald T. Avansino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald T. Avansino","raw_affiliation_strings":["HHMI &#x0026; Stanford University,Depts. of EE &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Stanford,CA,USA,94305"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HHMI &#x0026; Stanford University,Depts. of EE &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Stanford,CA,USA,94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032110460","display_name":"Leigh R. Hochberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-2273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802759389","display_name":"Providence VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/041m0cc93","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2802759389","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leigh R. Hochberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["MGH, Brown University &#x0026; Providence VA,Dept. of Neurology &#x0026; School of Engineering,Boston,MA,USA,02114"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MGH, Brown University &#x0026; Providence VA,Dept. of Neurology &#x0026; School of Engineering,Boston,MA,USA,02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802759389","https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009856256","display_name":"Jaimie M. Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-2267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaimie M. Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,Depts. of Neurosurgery &#x0026; Neurology and Neurological Science,Stanford,CA,USA,94305"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,Depts. of Neurosurgery &#x0026; Neurology and Neurological Science,Stanford,CA,USA,94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004430663","display_name":"Krishna V. Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna V. Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["HHMI &#x0026; Stanford University,BioE, Neurobiology &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Depts. of EE,Stanford,CA,USA,94305"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HHMI &#x0026; Stanford University,BioE, Neurobiology &#x0026; Neurosurgery,Depts. of EE,Stanford,CA,USA,94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069025834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52683308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.8728922605514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8571248054504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6611765623092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46502968668937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4517683982849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursor","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","score":0.45032256841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroprosthetics","display_name":"Neuroprosthetics","score":0.4277057647705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3874623775482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24396559596061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.19865527749061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1677660048007965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.8728922605514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8571248054504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6611765623092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46502968668937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4517683982849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998101","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","level":2,"score":0.45032256841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197525751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431093","display_name":"Neuroprosthetics","level":2,"score":0.4277057647705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3874623775482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24396559596061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.19865527749061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1677660048007965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bci53720.2022.9735049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3161343553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252681206","https://openalex.org/W4387250754","https://openalex.org/W4249804725","https://openalex.org/W2388180914","https://openalex.org/W2010158783","https://openalex.org/W2037377756","https://openalex.org/W2103494817","https://openalex.org/W2077293880","https://openalex.org/W2135454142","https://openalex.org/W4255609005"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain\u2013computer":[0],"interfaces":[1],"(BCIs)":[2],"can":[3],"restore":[4],"com-munication":[5],"to":[6,13,84,151,184],"people":[7],"who":[8],"have":[9],"lost":[10],"the":[11,78,159,199],"ability":[12],"move":[14],"or":[15,37,54],"speak.":[16],"So":[17],"far,":[18],"a":[19,41,90,132,192],"major":[20],"focus":[21],"of":[22,47,61,113,156,162,201],"BCI":[23,68],"research":[24,214],"has":[25],"been":[26],"on":[27],"restoring":[28],"gross":[29],"motor":[30,79],"skills,":[31],"such":[32,51,177],"as":[33,52,178],"reaching":[34],"and":[35,81,124,148,197],"grasping1\u20135":[36],"point-and-click":[38],"typing":[39,111,139,154],"with":[40,118,131],"computer":[42],"cursor.":[43],"However,":[44],"rapid":[45],"sequences":[46],"highly":[48],"dexterous":[49,205],"behaviours,":[50],"handwriting":[53,72],"touch":[55],"typing,":[56],"might":[57],"enable":[58],"faster":[59],"rates":[60],"communication.":[62],"Here":[63],"we":[64],"developed":[65],"an":[66],"intracortical":[67],"that":[69],"decodes":[70],"attempted":[71],"movements":[73,206],"from":[74,106],"neural":[75,92],"activity":[76],"in":[77,86,158,215],"cortex":[80],"translates":[82],"it":[83],"text":[85],"real":[87],"time,":[88],"using":[89],"recurrent":[91],"net-work":[93],"decoding":[94,203],"approach.":[95],"With":[96],"this":[97,213],"BCI,":[98,147],"our":[99,136,163],"study":[100],"participant,":[101],"whose":[102],"hand":[103],"was":[104],"paralysed":[105],"spinal":[107],"cord":[108],"injury,":[109],"achieved":[110],"speeds":[112,140,155],"90":[114],"characters":[115,166],"per":[116,167],"minute":[117],"94.1":[119],"percent":[120,128],"raw":[121],"accuracy":[122,129],"online,":[123],"greater":[125],"than":[126,186],"99":[127],"offline":[130],"general-purpose":[133],"autocorrect.":[134],"To":[135],"knowledge,":[137],"these":[138],"exceed":[141],"those":[142],"reported":[143,212],"for":[144,195],"any":[145],"other":[146],"are":[149],"comparable":[150],"typical":[152],"smartphone":[153],"individuals":[157],"age":[160],"group":[161],"participant":[164],"(115":[165],"minute).":[168],"Fi-nally,":[169],"theoretical":[170],"considerations":[171],"explain":[172],"why":[173],"temporally":[174],"complex":[175],"movements,":[176],"handwriting,":[179],"may":[180],"be":[181],"fundamentally":[182],"easier":[183],"decode":[185],"point-to-point":[187],"movements.":[188],"Our":[189],"results":[190],"open":[191],"new":[193],"approach":[194],"BCIs":[196],"demonstrate":[198],"feasibility":[200],"accurately":[202],"rapid,":[204],"years":[207],"after":[208],"paralysis.":[209],"We":[210],"recently":[211],"Willett":[216],"et":[217],"al.":[218],"Nature":[219],"2021":[220],"[1].":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
