{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389575825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939","title":"A Real-Time Performance Model for NFT Chains","display_name":"A Real-Time Performance Model for NFT Chains","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389575825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Fifth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093467897","display_name":"K. Kentner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Kentner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Computer Science Dept.,Stillwater,OK,USA","Computer Science Dept., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Computer Science Dept.,Stillwater,OK,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045456815","display_name":"Jongho Seol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4693-2507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931969281","display_name":"Middle Georgia State College","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqb692","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931969281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Seol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Georgia State University,Information Technology Dept.,Macon,GA,USA","Information Technology Dept., Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Georgia State University,Information Technology Dept.,Macon,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I931969281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Dept., Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I931969281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112970883","display_name":"N. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0825-402X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"221","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6183533668518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5760226845741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5583223104476929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5045484304428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.476086288690567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4543078541755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.43192580342292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3923545777797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.378983736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23313230276107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1338554322719574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13129761815071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12327578663825989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6183533668518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5760226845741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5583223104476929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5045484304428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.476086288690567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4543078541755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.43192580342292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3923545777797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.378983736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23313230276107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1338554322719574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13129761815071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12327578663825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca58897.2023.10338939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Fifth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch.okstate.edu:20.500.14446/340283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14446/340283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402274","display_name":"SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145341463","https://openalex.org/W2769212472","https://openalex.org/W2901509724","https://openalex.org/W2993810765","https://openalex.org/W3028947702","https://openalex.org/W3092036076","https://openalex.org/W3092231447","https://openalex.org/W3187600332","https://openalex.org/W4206589734","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4296442411","https://openalex.org/W4312890351","https://openalex.org/W6795551194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W4387768015","https://openalex.org/W1841898224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,17,152],"paper":[1],"sets":[2],"forth":[3],"a":[4,13,70,81,105,213,216],"bivariate,":[5],"real-time":[6,38,204],"NFT":[7,32],"(nonfungible":[8],"token)":[9],"model":[10,18],"based":[11],"on":[12,255],"Markovian":[14,120],"queueing":[15],"process.":[16],"is":[19,65,197,247],"proposed":[20],"with":[21],"the":[22,28,57,61,111,114,124,156,159,187,191,198,203,207,220,225,233,250,253,256,260],"goal":[23],"of":[24,30,60,85,158,206,232,243,252,259],"simulating":[25],"and":[26,53,88,132,147,169,180,193,222,245,249],"observing":[27],"performance":[29,59,258],"an":[31],"system":[33,64,208,234,261],"as":[34,40,42],"it":[35,223],"behaves":[36],"under":[37],"constraints,":[39],"well":[41],"to":[43,67,95,104,130,218,228],"see":[44],"how":[45],"various":[46],"on-/off-chain":[47,163],"transaction":[48,164,217],"rates,":[49,51],"service":[50,174],"blocksizes,":[52],"deadline-miss":[54,181],"rates":[55,165],"affect":[56],"overall":[58,257],"system.":[62],"The":[63,119,162],"assumed":[66],"operate":[68],"at":[69,80],"steady":[71],"state,":[72],"thus":[73],"allowing":[74],"for":[75,201,215],"each":[76],"probabilistic":[77],"state":[78,106,112,126,227],"(which":[79],"given":[82],"time":[83],"consists":[84],"ion-chain":[86],"transactions":[87,91,103],"j":[89],"off-chain":[90],"that":[92,123],"have":[93],"arrived)":[94],"be":[96,144],"calculated":[97],"using":[98,149],"balance":[99],"equations":[100],"(all":[101],"incoming":[102],"equal":[107],"all":[108,134],"outgoing":[109],"from":[110,137],"when":[113],"relevant":[115],"probabilities":[116],"are":[117,186,262],"considered).":[118],"assumption":[121],"necessitates":[122],"full":[125],"space":[127],"must":[128],"sum":[129],"1.0,":[131],"because":[133],"states":[135],"derive":[136],"<tex":[138,166,170,176,183,194,209],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[139,167,171,177,184,195,210],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{p}_{0,0}$</tex>":[140],",":[141,173,179],"P0,0":[142],"may":[143],"factored":[145],"out":[146],"solved":[148],"this":[150],"constraint.":[151],"in":[153],"turn":[154],"facilitates":[155],"computation":[157],"remaining":[160],"probabilities.":[161],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\lambda_{on}$</tex>":[168],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\lambda_{off}$</tex>":[172],"rate":[175,182],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mu$</tex>":[178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\lambda_{F}$</tex>":[185,196],"primary":[188],"parameters":[189],"within":[190],"model,":[192],"key":[199],"parameter":[200],"modeling":[202],"behavior":[205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\lambda_{F}$</tex>":[211],"represents":[212],"failure":[214],"meet":[219],"deadline,":[221],"causes":[224],"current":[226],"self-loop).":[229],"An":[230],"analysis":[231],"via":[235],"metrics":[236],"including":[237],"average":[238,241],"wait":[239],"time,":[240],"number":[242],"transactions,":[244],"throughput":[246],"presented,":[248],"implications":[251],"simulation":[254],"discussed.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}