{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312890351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973","title":"A Bivariate Performance Model across On- and Off-Chain in A NFT (Non-Fungible Token) Chain","display_name":"A Bivariate Performance Model across On- and Off-Chain in A NFT (Non-Fungible Token) Chain","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312890351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045456815","display_name":"Jongho Seol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4693-2507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931969281","display_name":"Middle Georgia State College","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqb692","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931969281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Seol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Georgia State University,Information Technology Dept.,Macon,GA,USA","Information Technology Dept., Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Georgia State University,Information Technology Dept.,Macon,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931969281","https://openalex.org/I181565077"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Dept., Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931969281","https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090587080","display_name":"Jinfu Ke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020834784","display_name":"Shital Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8364-8627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112970883","display_name":"N. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0825-402X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073305624","display_name":"Abhilash Kancharla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93320256","display_name":"University of Tampa","ror":"https://ror.org/007h1g065","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93320256"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kancharla","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tampa,Dept. of Computer Science,Tampa,FL,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tampa,Dept. of Computer Science,Tampa,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93320256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93320256"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045456815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I931969281"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79141492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.7626818418502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6368095874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5993369817733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5468385815620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4243437349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20137912034988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.12941411137580872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7626818418502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6368095874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5993369817733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5468385815620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4243437349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20137912034988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.12941411137580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921973","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W4385009901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,11,20,111,213,281,299],"quantitative":[4],"model":[5,102,296],"to":[6,18,62,66,90,180,258],"assess":[7],"the":[8,46,63,68,82,96,115,129,134,145,154,167,172,182,185,194,204,210,234,263,285,291,304,311],"performance":[9,84,101,295],"of":[10,72,85,114,131,133,147,169,184,190,197,207,209,262,265,275,306],"NFT":[12,21,26,38,86,116,266,293,308],"(Non-Fungible":[13],"Token)-centered":[14],"chain":[15,27,36,50,87,117,138,150,294,309],"as":[16,19,52,151,157,298],"referred":[17],"Chain":[22],"in":[23,28,171,193,252,256],"this":[24],"paper.":[25],"general":[29],"stores":[30],"its":[31],"data":[32,40,47,54,73],"distributed":[33],"across":[34,269],"on":[35,137,223,242],"(e.g.":[37],"registration":[39],"and":[41,56,93,139,153,166,203,228,233,247,271,287,290],"an":[42,104,253,307],"address":[43],"pointing":[44],"at":[45],"located":[48],"off":[49,149],"such":[51,118],"meta":[53],"table":[55],"ultimate":[57],"digital":[58,75],"asset's":[59],"data)":[60],"due":[61],"high":[64,70],"cost":[65],"store":[67],"potentially":[69],"volume":[71],"for":[74,303],"assets.":[76],"Therefore,":[77],"it":[78],"is":[79,88,220],"expected":[80,286],"that":[81,119],"overall":[83],"primarily":[89],"be":[91],"dominated":[92],"bound":[94],"by":[95,159],"off-chain":[97,272],"performance.":[98],"The":[99,187,277],"proposed":[100,292],"employing":[103],"embedded":[105],"Markovian":[106],"queueing":[107],"process":[108],"model,":[109],"tracks":[110,128,144],"bivariate":[112],"state":[113],"<tex":[120,124,140,160,198,216,225,229,238,244,248],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[121,125,141,161,199,217,226,230,239,245,249],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(i,j)$</tex>":[122],"where":[123],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$i$</tex>":[126],"stochastically":[127,143],"number":[130,146,168,206],"slots":[132,170,208],"transactions":[135,148,211,267],"executed":[136,268],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$j$</tex>":[142],"well,":[152],"states":[155],"transition":[156],"determined":[158],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\lambda_{on},":[162,200],"\\lambda_{off},":[163,201],"\\mu$</tex>":[164,202],",":[165,219,251],"current":[173],"block.":[174],"Extensive":[175],"numerical":[176],"simulations":[177,195],"are":[178],"performed":[179],"validate":[181],"efficacy":[183],"model.":[186],"primary":[188],"set":[189],"variables":[191],"used":[192],"consists":[196],"average":[205,235],"during":[212],"block":[214],"posting,":[215],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$L$</tex>":[218],"simulated":[221],"based":[222,241],"both":[224,243],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$L_{on}$</tex>":[227],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$L_{off}$</tex>":[231],";":[232],"waiting":[236],"time":[237],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$W$</tex>":[240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$W_{on}$</tex>":[246],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$W_{off}$</tex>":[250],"intermingled":[254],"manner":[255],"order":[257],"take":[259],"into":[260],"account":[261],"nature":[264],"on-":[270],"without":[273],"loss":[274],"generality.":[276],"simulation":[278],"results":[279],"demonstrate":[280],"good":[282],"agreement":[283],"with":[284],"intuitive":[288],"trends":[289],"serves":[297],"sound":[300],"theoretical":[301],"foundation":[302],"design":[305],"from":[310],"system's":[312],"perspective.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}