{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312537128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877","title":"ZCC: Mitigating Double-spending Attacks in Micropayment Bitcoin Transactions","display_name":"ZCC: Mitigating Double-spending Attacks in Micropayment Bitcoin Transactions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312537128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023731917","display_name":"Prerna Arote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0391-5893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prerna Arote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science,Department of Electronic Systems Engineering,Bangalore,India","Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science,Department of Electronic Systems Engineering,Bangalore,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059874589","display_name":"Joy Kuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joy Kuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science,Department of Electronic Systems Engineering,Bangalore,India","Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science,Department of Electronic Systems Engineering,Bangalore,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023731917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3031,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6407063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"245","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.793459415435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6962243914604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.6733397245407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6056587100028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5066455006599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5048585534095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4529997706413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.433120995759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.42718085646629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4245636761188507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.20827704668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16013193130493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12786146998405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08274325728416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0686916708946228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.793459415435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6962243914604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6733397245407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6056587100028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5066455006599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5048585534095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4529997706413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.433120995759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.42718085646629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4245636761188507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20827704668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16013193130493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12786146998405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08274325728416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0686916708946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca55292.2022.9921877","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W3164717803","https://openalex.org/W3123387860","https://openalex.org/W4291291739","https://openalex.org/W4321377877","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W3115531728","https://openalex.org/W4387389211","https://openalex.org/W2059272164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0,24,39,149],"is":[1,26,74,140],"one":[2],"of":[3,22,71,112,148,152,164,177],"the":[4,38,58,64,122,135,145,162,169,175,180,184,196],"popular":[5],"cryptocurrencies":[6],"but":[7,102],"it":[8],"has":[9],"many":[10],"pitfalls":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,80,100,106,144],"its":[14],"slow":[15],"payment":[16,105],"nature.":[17],"The":[18],"average":[19],"confirmation":[20,43],"time":[21,139,147,160],"a":[23,47,55,90,110,165],"transaction":[25,186],"ten":[27],"minutes.":[28],"Block":[29],"propagation,":[30],"validation,":[31],"and":[32,63,161,187,190],"mining":[33,138,146],"are":[34],"time-consuming":[35],"tasks":[36],"in":[37,168],"network.":[40],"They":[41],"increase":[42],"delay,":[44],"which":[45],"becomes":[46],"large":[48],"overhead,":[49],"especially":[50],"for":[51,183,195],"micropayment":[52,56],"transactions.":[53],"In":[54,85,108,134],"transaction,":[57],"buyer":[59],"expects":[60,66],"quick":[61,98],"service":[62,99],"seller":[65],"fast":[67],"payment.":[68],"Another":[69],"downside":[70],"excess":[72],"delay":[73],"that":[75,94,120],"attackers":[76],"get":[77],"better":[78],"chances":[79],"perform":[81],"successful":[82],"double-spending":[83,166],"attacks.":[84],"this":[86],"paper,":[87],"we":[88,173],"propose":[89],"protocol":[91],"named":[92],"ZCC":[93,124,136,170,178,197],"not":[95],"only":[96],"provides":[97],"users":[101],"also":[103],"guarantees":[104],"sellers.":[107],"ZCC,":[109],"group":[111,132],"full":[113],"nodes":[114],"acts":[115],"as":[116],"an":[117],"approval":[118],"committee":[119],"commits":[121],"user's":[123],"transactions":[125,150],"based":[126],"on":[127],"majority":[128],"approvals":[129],"obtained":[130],"from":[131],"members.":[133],"scheme,":[137],"much":[141],"less":[142],"compared":[143],"because":[151],"lower":[153],"difficulty":[154],"targets.":[155],"We":[156],"analyze":[157],"total":[158],"acceptance":[159],"probability":[163],"attack":[167],"scheme.":[171,198],"Also,":[172],"evaluate":[174],"performance":[176,194],"using":[179],"BlockSim":[181],"simulator":[182],"different":[185],"block-related":[188],"parameters,":[189],"observe":[191],"substantially":[192],"improved":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
