{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388820981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971","title":"HTrans: Transformer-Based Method for Hardware Trojan Detection and Localization","display_name":"HTrans: Transformer-Based Method for Hardware Trojan Detection and Localization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388820981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 32nd Asian Test Symposium (ATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438809","display_name":"Yilin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-5330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324727","display_name":"Shan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2639-3212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007464765","display_name":"Haihua Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100438809"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.54,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82663317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.935699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.8448301553726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7029862403869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.683493971824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5994970202445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-transfer-level","display_name":"Register-transfer level","score":0.5456167459487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5110095739364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49446749687194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.46496516466140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4621347486972809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.42186975479125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37681615352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.250674307346344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-synthesis","display_name":"Logic synthesis","score":0.23694533109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.21218657493591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19999831914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14915215969085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14648792147636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14497745037078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14200791716575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1097496747970581}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.8448301553726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7029862403869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.683493971824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5994970202445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34854456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484552","display_name":"Register-transfer level","level":4,"score":0.5456167459487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5110095739364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49446749687194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.46496516466140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4621347486972809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.42186975479125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37681615352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.250674307346344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.23694533109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21218657493591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19999831914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14915215969085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14648792147636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14497745037078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14200791716575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1097496747970581}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ats59501.2023.10317971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 32nd Asian Test Symposium (ATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4699919412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4500402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347636100","https://openalex.org/W1591013007","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2291231941","https://openalex.org/W2296231679","https://openalex.org/W2524064595","https://openalex.org/W2566529203","https://openalex.org/W2606854262","https://openalex.org/W2756672502","https://openalex.org/W2773454665","https://openalex.org/W2778752735","https://openalex.org/W2943074664","https://openalex.org/W2964145717","https://openalex.org/W3000011546","https://openalex.org/W3187009719","https://openalex.org/W4224069029","https://openalex.org/W4252148401","https://openalex.org/W4312036239","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755207826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W2802317408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"Trojan":[1],"(HT)":[2],"is":[3,72],"a":[4,48,63,93,113,168],"malicious":[5],"code":[6],"intentionally":[7],"inserted":[8],"into":[9],"the":[10,16,23,38,57,69,79,117,122,130,159,162],"original":[11,17],"circuit":[12,80],"design":[13,126],"to":[14,47,124],"modify":[15],"function,":[18],"leak":[19],"information":[20],"or":[21,82],"decrease":[22],"performance.":[24],"Circuit":[25],"fabrications":[26],"have":[27],"increased":[28],"Third-Party":[29],"Intellectual":[30],"Property":[31],"(3PIP)":[32],"usage":[33],"with":[34],"market":[35],"pressure":[36],"and":[37,77,101,147],"increasing":[39],"global":[40],"economy.":[41],"Consequently,":[42],"hardware":[43],"may":[44],"become":[45],"vulnerable":[46],"wide":[49],"range":[50],"of":[51,56,140],"attacks":[52],"at":[53],"some":[54],"stage":[55,71,115],"manufacturing":[58],"process,":[59],"making":[60],"detecting":[61],"HT":[62,66,76,99,145,151],"necessary":[64],"procedure.":[65],"detection":[67,100,146,160],"in":[68],"early":[70],"crucial":[73],"because":[74],"removing":[75],"re-designing":[78],"later":[81],"after":[83],"fabrication":[84],"could":[85],"be":[86],"expensive.":[87],"In":[88,153],"this":[89],"work,":[90],"we":[91],"propose":[92],"novel":[94],"Transformer-based":[95],"Method":[96],"for":[97],"pre-silicon":[98],"localization":[102],"called":[103],"HTrans.":[104],"We":[105],"innovatively":[106],"use":[107],"Graph":[108],"Convolutional":[109],"Network":[110],"(GCN)":[111],"as":[112],"preprocessing":[114],"before":[116],"Transformer,":[118],"giving":[119],"our":[120,135],"model":[121,136],"scalability":[123],"any":[125],"size.":[127],"Experiments":[128],"on":[129,144,150,161],"Trusthub":[131],"benchmark":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"achieves":[137],"an":[138],"average":[139],"96.7%":[141],"Fl":[142],"score":[143],"91.7%":[148],"accuracy":[149],"localization.":[152],"addition,":[154],"HTrans":[155],"can":[156],"quickly":[157],"complete":[158],"Register":[163],"Transfer":[164],"Level":[165],"(RTL)":[166],"within":[167],"second.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
