{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113542781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","title":"Optimization Space Exploration of Hardware Design for CRYSTALS-KYBER","display_name":"Optimization Space Exploration of Hardware Design for CRYSTALS-KYBER","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113542781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","mag":"3113542781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 29th Asian Test Symposium (ATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yixuan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033100776","display_name":"Zhiteng Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2926-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiteng Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394414","display_name":"Jing Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079562270","display_name":"Wen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051407732","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hohai University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hohai University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396711","display_name":"Shuai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2425-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155232","display_name":"Fiberhome Technology Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04yv20134","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rock Solid Security Lab, FiberHome Co. Ltd., China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock Solid Security Lab, FiberHome Co. Ltd., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023380073","display_name":"Xiaowei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768288","display_name":"Huawei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8082-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7677247524261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.7537400722503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.711054265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.6699358820915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5339962840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.522503674030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5218464136123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-implementation","display_name":"Software implementation","score":0.5117535591125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5026018619537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","score":0.4272800385951996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3888416886329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3670462369918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.320322185754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.2946300506591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2079821527004242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20176774263381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11355182528495789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7677247524261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7537400722503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.711054265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.6699358820915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5339962840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.522503674030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5218464136123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983609787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10534782","display_name":"Software implementation","level":3,"score":0.5117535591125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5026018619537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108277079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4272800385951996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3888416886329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3670462369918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.320322185754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2946300506591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2079821527004242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20176774263381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11355182528495789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ats49688.2020.9301498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 29th Asian Test Symposium (ATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W2040832750","https://openalex.org/W2071576863","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2526825238","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2895182117","https://openalex.org/W2919682937","https://openalex.org/W3037853801","https://openalex.org/W4298022300","https://openalex.org/W6760047977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2363815311","https://openalex.org/W4312624769","https://openalex.org/W4312389283","https://openalex.org/W2095621044","https://openalex.org/W2710458890","https://openalex.org/W2385498403","https://openalex.org/W3003799348","https://openalex.org/W4309969684","https://openalex.org/W4286544730","https://openalex.org/W3203577429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Public":[0],"key":[1,27],"cryptography":[2,45],"is":[3],"important":[4],"in":[5,90],"the":[6,12,23,49,60,83,101,110,118,124],"global":[7,41],"communication":[8],"digital":[9],"infrastructure.":[10],"However,":[11],"emergence":[13],"of":[14,25,39,52,65,92,117],"quantum":[15],"computer":[16],"and":[17,54,62,77,86,94,133],"Shor":[18],"algorithm":[19,132],"has":[20],"greatly":[21,105],"threatened":[22],"security":[24],"public":[26],"cryptography.":[28],"The":[29,96],"CRYSTALS-KYBER,":[30],"as":[31],"a":[32,40],"lattice-based":[33],"KEM":[34],"algorithm,":[35],"passed":[36],"three":[37],"rounds":[38],"solicitation":[42],"for":[43,130,135],"post-quantum":[44],"algorithms":[46],"held":[47],"by":[48,107,126],"National":[50],"Institute":[51],"Standards":[53],"Technology":[55],"(NIST).":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"explores":[59],"implementation":[61],"optimization":[63],"space":[64],"hardware":[66,84],"design":[67],"according":[68],"to":[69,81,128],"CRYSTALS-KYBER":[70],"algorithm.":[71,137],"We":[72],"analyze":[73],"its":[74],"software":[75],"code":[76],"try":[78],"different":[79],"strategies":[80],"optimize":[82],"implementation,":[85],"conduct":[87],"comparative":[88],"analysis":[89],"terms":[91],"area":[93],"speed.":[95],"experimental":[97],"results":[98,116],"show":[99],"that":[100],"performance":[102,125],"can":[103],"be":[104],"improved":[106],"moderately":[108],"optimizing":[109],"loops.":[111],"In":[112],"comparison":[113],"with":[114],"optimal":[115],"work":[119],"[12],":[120],"our":[121],"optimizations":[122],"improve":[123],"up":[127],"74.6%":[129],"encapsulation":[131],"54.4%":[134],"decapsulation":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}