{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007376164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","title":"End-to-End Code-Switching ASR for Low-Resourced Language Pairs","display_name":"End-to-End Code-Switching ASR for Low-Resourced Language Pairs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007376164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","mag":"3007376164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498489","display_name":"2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060201191","display_name":"Xianghu Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-6034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianghu Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056020864","display_name":"Grandee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9603-5141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grandee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004568334","display_name":"Emre Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-3358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050766","display_name":"Fang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1111-7285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060201191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92484254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"972","last_page":"979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8542835712432861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.7056495547294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.630728006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.624164879322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6115396618843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.5267195701599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5235119462013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.5170807838439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4954897165298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3971664011478424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35540056228637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12668034434318542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06255301833152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06252285838127136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8542835712432861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7056495547294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.630728006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.624164879322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6115396618843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.5267195701599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5235119462013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.5170807838439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4954897165298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3971664011478424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35540056228637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12668034434318542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06255301833152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06252285838127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru46091.2019.9004035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498489","display_name":"2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29952999","https://openalex.org/W197277712","https://openalex.org/W854541894","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1582482241","https://openalex.org/W1736701665","https://openalex.org/W1828163288","https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W2046932483","https://openalex.org/W2056478562","https://openalex.org/W2094342469","https://openalex.org/W2102113734","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2176685020","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2407080277","https://openalex.org/W2512355221","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2545177271","https://openalex.org/W2766219058","https://openalex.org/W2767906378","https://openalex.org/W2798908575","https://openalex.org/W2883989418","https://openalex.org/W2884515606","https://openalex.org/W2886820613","https://openalex.org/W2891616026","https://openalex.org/W2928484296","https://openalex.org/W2939069254","https://openalex.org/W2939408446","https://openalex.org/W2939757332","https://openalex.org/W2962704885","https://openalex.org/W2963211739","https://openalex.org/W2963827914","https://openalex.org/W2963970535","https://openalex.org/W2964266061","https://openalex.org/W2964309797","https://openalex.org/W2972312617","https://openalex.org/W2972954451","https://openalex.org/W3106549878","https://openalex.org/W4214720989","https://openalex.org/W4288408927","https://openalex.org/W6601192135","https://openalex.org/W6623517193","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6637794970","https://openalex.org/W6675365184","https://openalex.org/W6685076860","https://openalex.org/W6713762819","https://openalex.org/W6725219515","https://openalex.org/W6768015432","https://openalex.org/W6809061683","https://openalex.org/W7074613150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020540721","https://openalex.org/W2359001871","https://openalex.org/W3015923889","https://openalex.org/W62743518","https://openalex.org/W2592356860","https://openalex.org/W2997712488","https://openalex.org/W2739427748","https://openalex.org/W4206374977","https://openalex.org/W2936848022","https://openalex.org/W2608712415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,34,56,65,74,101,126,129,154,165,168,173],"significant":[2],"progress":[3],"in":[4,39,52,73,171,182],"end-to-end":[5],"(E2E)":[6],"automatic":[7],"speech":[8,18,38],"recognition":[9,35,122,174],"(ASR),":[10],"E2E":[11,30,59,178],"ASR":[12,31,60,67,162,180],"for":[13,33,117],"low":[14],"resourced":[15,49],"code-switching":[16,79],"(CS)":[17],"has":[19],"not":[20],"been":[21],"well":[22],"studied.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25,71],"work,":[26],"we":[27,82],"describe":[28],"an":[29,177],"pipeline":[32],"of":[36,58,76,100,128,157,167,176],"CS":[37,159,179],"which":[40,112],"a":[41,47,84,108,142,183],"low-resourced":[42,184],"language":[43,94,136],"is":[44,139],"mixed":[45,121],"with":[46,78,91,147,153],"high":[48],"language.":[50,134],"Low-resourcedness":[51],"acoustic":[53],"data":[54],"hinders":[55],"performance":[57,175],"systems":[61],"more":[62],"severely":[63],"than":[64],"conventional":[66],"systems.":[68],"To":[69],"mitigate":[70],"problem":[72],"transcription":[75],"archives":[77],"Frisian-Dutch":[80],"speech,":[81],"integrate":[83],"designated":[85],"decoding":[86,110],"scheme":[87],"and":[88,120,150],"perform":[89],"rescoring":[90,138],"neural":[92,144],"network-based":[93],"models":[95],"to":[96,124],"enable":[97],"better":[98],"utilization":[99,127],"available":[102],"textual":[103,130],"resources.":[104],"We":[105],"first":[106],"incorporate":[107],"multi-graph":[109],"approach":[111],"creates":[113],"parallel":[114],"search":[115],"spaces":[116],"each":[118,133],"monolingual":[119],"tasks":[123],"maximize":[125],"resources":[131],"from":[132],"Further,":[135],"model":[137],"performed":[140],"using":[141],"recurrent":[143],"network":[145],"pre-trained":[146],"cross-lingual":[148],"embedding":[149],"further":[151],"adapted":[152],"limited":[155],"amount":[156],"in-domain":[158],"text.":[160],"The":[161],"experiments":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"effectiveness":[166],"described":[169],"techniques":[170],"improving":[172],"system":[181],"scenario.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}