{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087395764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","title":"Models of tone for tonal and non-tonal languages","display_name":"Models of tone for tonal and non-tonal languages","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087395764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","mag":"2087395764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Models_of_tone_for_tonal_and_non-tonal_languages/6473537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085262529","display_name":"Florian Metze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian Metze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111476836","display_name":"Zaid Sheikh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaid A. W. Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110453805","display_name":"Alex Waibel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Waibel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, InterACT, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technol. Inst./InterACT, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069183549","display_name":"Jonas Gehring","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Gehring","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034910585","display_name":"Kevin Kilgour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Kilgour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001160212","display_name":"Qu\u1ed1c B\u1ea3o Nguy\u1ec5n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quoc Bao Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Van Huy Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Huy Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Anthropomatics, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085262529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9801672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"261","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7617754936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.6765981912612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6581924557685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vietnamese","display_name":"Vietnamese","score":0.5301870703697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.5265251398086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.49991703033447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4559486508369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4283018112182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38342756032943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3345125913619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.20114320516586304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7617754936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.6765981912612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6581924557685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103621254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9199","display_name":"Vietnamese","level":2,"score":0.5301870703697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.5265251398086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.49991703033447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4559486508369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4283018112182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38342756032943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3345125913619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.20114320516586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2013.6707740","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/6473537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Models_of_tone_for_tonal_and_non-tonal_languages/6473537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:lti-1081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=lti","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400668","display_name":"Research Showcase @ Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Language Technologies Institute","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.941.9694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.941.9694","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1081%26context%3Dlti","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/6473537.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6473537.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/6473537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Models_of_tone_for_tonal_and_non-tonal_languages/6473537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2087395764.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50577135","https://openalex.org/W1589711420","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1797231893","https://openalex.org/W1970088388","https://openalex.org/W2078031782","https://openalex.org/W2080401855","https://openalex.org/W2106465727","https://openalex.org/W2112920470","https://openalex.org/W2115585811","https://openalex.org/W2128212935","https://openalex.org/W2129070077","https://openalex.org/W2134756243","https://openalex.org/W2139737683","https://openalex.org/W2141404479","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2153728019","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2397736346","https://openalex.org/W2617454197","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W6636811518","https://openalex.org/W6675795116","https://openalex.org/W6679097437","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6682858875","https://openalex.org/W6738085961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368019753","https://openalex.org/W2333930193","https://openalex.org/W2737356002","https://openalex.org/W2246241526","https://openalex.org/W4301122218","https://openalex.org/W2374150061","https://openalex.org/W2901286616","https://openalex.org/W2291461084","https://openalex.org/W2050882094","https://openalex.org/W2081340182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"wisdom":[1],"in":[2,13,26],"automatic":[3],"speech":[4,15,27],"recognition":[5],"asserts":[6],"that":[7,59,70],"pitch":[8,38],"information":[9],"is":[10,39],"not":[11],"helpful":[12],"building":[14],"recognizers":[16,28],"for":[17,29,48,75,84,90],"non-tonal":[18,85],"languages":[19,77],"and":[20,80,93,101,107,113],"contributes":[21],"only":[22],"modestly":[23],"to":[24],"performance":[25,46,73],"tonal":[30,76,112],"languages.":[31,86],"To":[32],"maintain":[33],"consistency":[34],"between":[35],"different":[36],"systems,":[37],"therefore":[40],"often":[41],"ignored,":[42],"trading":[43],"the":[44],"slight":[45],"benefits":[47],"greater":[49],"system":[50,105],"uniformity/":[51],"simplicity.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54,61],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"report":[57],"results":[58],"challenge":[60],"conventional":[62],"approach.":[63],"We":[64],"present":[65],"new":[66],"models":[67,96],"of":[68],"tone":[69],"deliver":[71],"consistent":[72],"improvements":[74,83],"(Cantonese,":[78],"Vietnamese)":[79],"even":[81],"modest":[82],"Using":[87],"neural":[88],"networks":[89],"feature":[91],"integration":[92],"fusion,":[94],"these":[95],"achieve":[97],"significant":[98],"gains":[99],"throughout,":[100],"provide":[102],"us":[103],"with":[104],"uniformity":[106],"standardization":[108],"across":[109],"all":[110],"languages,":[111],"non-tonal.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}