{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068751998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","title":"Robust understanding of spoken Chinese through character-based tagging and prior knowledge exploitation","display_name":"Robust understanding of spoken Chinese through character-based tagging and prior knowledge exploitation","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068751998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","mag":"2068751998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition &amp; Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544773","display_name":"Weiqun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-3572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiqun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070475244","display_name":"Changchun Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5606-5343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changchun Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346272","display_name":"Yali Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-5241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111847664","display_name":"Jielin Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jielin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425112","display_name":"Yonghong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-5770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Speech Acoustics and Content Understanding, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing, China, 100190","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101544773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10523778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"413","last_page":"418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8616846799850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.7619616985321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7116894721984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6510665416717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6470421552658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6275725960731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.5809544324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5750402212142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5251505374908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4953967332839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48059508204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.45326563715934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.44347190856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language","display_name":"Spoken language","score":0.43359053134918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.4105289578437805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8616846799850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.7619616985321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7116894721984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6510665416717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6470421552658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6275725960731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.5809544324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5750402212142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5251505374908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4953967332839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48059508204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.45326563715934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.44347190856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.43359053134918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.4105289578437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2011.6163967","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition &amp; Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199489063","https://openalex.org/W207586226","https://openalex.org/W648947103","https://openalex.org/W1649407914","https://openalex.org/W1766290689","https://openalex.org/W1987226204","https://openalex.org/W1990549830","https://openalex.org/W2010470211","https://openalex.org/W2034361844","https://openalex.org/W2039387658","https://openalex.org/W2070913421","https://openalex.org/W2091671846","https://openalex.org/W2098880560","https://openalex.org/W2104408895","https://openalex.org/W2110462621","https://openalex.org/W2114561387","https://openalex.org/W2117488952","https://openalex.org/W2120375264","https://openalex.org/W2128970689","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2151742940","https://openalex.org/W2153962611","https://openalex.org/W2161391345","https://openalex.org/W2171986392","https://openalex.org/W2180598376","https://openalex.org/W2358307482","https://openalex.org/W2400932086","https://openalex.org/W2949089885","https://openalex.org/W3088186095","https://openalex.org/W4211048027","https://openalex.org/W4234016251","https://openalex.org/W6608098371","https://openalex.org/W6637989529","https://openalex.org/W6677336399","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6685435560","https://openalex.org/W6713289578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250494529","https://openalex.org/W1964783010","https://openalex.org/W2399696375","https://openalex.org/W45206245","https://openalex.org/W2211396092","https://openalex.org/W4305041692","https://openalex.org/W2078793151","https://openalex.org/W2061834489","https://openalex.org/W2751906762","https://openalex.org/W3088215229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robustness":[0],"is":[1,131],"one":[2],"of":[3,21,36,80,109],"the":[4,18,34,64,78,86,117,135,146],"most":[5],"challenging":[6],"issues":[7],"for":[8,25,59],"spoken":[9,23],"language":[10,24],"understanding":[11,20,38],"(SLU).":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14],"paper":[15],"we":[16,144],"studied":[17],"semantic":[19,37],"Chinese":[22],"a":[26,40,81,101,160],"voice":[27],"search":[28],"dialogue":[29],"system.":[30],"We":[31,53],"first":[32],"simplified":[33],"problem":[35],"into":[39,85],"named":[41],"entity":[42],"recognition":[43],"(NER)":[44],"task,":[45],"which":[46],"was":[47],"further":[48],"formulated":[49],"as":[50,63],"sequential":[51],"tagging.":[52],"carried":[54],"out":[55],"experiments":[56],"to":[57,72,116,151],"opt":[58],"character":[60],"over":[61],"word":[62],"tagging":[65,88],"unit.":[66],"Then":[67],"two":[68,137],"approaches":[69,125],"were":[70],"proposed":[71],"exploit":[73],"prior":[74,142],"knowledge":[75,143],"-":[76,84],"in":[77,153],"form":[79],"domain":[82,102,110],"lexicon":[83],"character-based":[87],"framework.":[89],"One":[90],"enriched":[91],"tagger":[92],"features":[93,99],"by":[94,112,133],"incorporating":[95],"more":[96],"formal":[97],"lexical":[98],"with":[100],"lexicon.":[103],"The":[104,128],"other":[105],"made":[106],"plain":[107],"use":[108],"entities":[111],"simply":[113],"adding":[114],"them":[115],"training":[118],"data.":[119],"Experiment":[120],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"both":[124],"are":[126],"effective.":[127],"best":[129],"performance":[130,148],"achieved":[132],"combining":[134],"above":[136],"complimentary":[138],"approaches.":[139],"By":[140],"exploiting":[141],"improved":[145],"NER":[147],"from":[149],"75.27":[150],"90.24":[152],"F":[154],"<sub":[155],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sub>":[157],"score":[158],"on":[159],"field":[161],"test":[162],"set":[163],"using":[164],"speech":[165],"recognizer":[166],"output.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}