{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009170886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","title":"Trends and challenges in language modeling for speech recognition and machine translation","display_name":"Trends and challenges in language modeling for speech recognition and machine translation","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009170886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","mag":"2009170886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition &amp; Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015857371","display_name":"Holger Schwenk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Holger Schwenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Le Mans, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015857371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06679015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9526000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.880409836769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.8109938502311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-language-model","display_name":"Cache language model","score":0.7917476892471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7416842579841614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.7172171473503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7044979333877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6313328742980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6235743165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5303711891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5013699531555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4752761423587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4660184681415558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4179687201976776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.22810593247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.22671610116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14892840385437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension-approach","display_name":"Comprehension approach","score":0.08734837174415588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.880409836769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.8109938502311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39608478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015979","display_name":"Cache language model","level":5,"score":0.7917476892471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7416842579841614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7172171473503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7044979333877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6313328742980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6235743165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5303711891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5013699531555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4752761423587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4660184681415558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4179687201976776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.22810593247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.22671610116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14892840385437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.08734837174415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition &amp; Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113687551","https://openalex.org/W2112752961","https://openalex.org/W2794347674","https://openalex.org/W4255155614","https://openalex.org/W2394860946","https://openalex.org/W761725120","https://openalex.org/W2897427480","https://openalex.org/W2787311093","https://openalex.org/W2071315630","https://openalex.org/W1508853749"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"form":[1],"only":[2,48],"given.":[3],"Language":[4],"models":[5,174],"play":[6],"an":[7,176],"important":[8,62],"role":[9],"in":[10,25,103],"large":[11,125,178],"vocabulary":[12],"continuous":[13,91,105],"speech":[14],"recognition":[15],"(LVCSR)":[16],"systems":[17,44],"and":[18,42,75,170],"statistical":[19],"approaches":[20,63],"to":[21,46,64,83,98,137,142],"machine":[22],"translation":[23],"(SMT),":[24],"particular":[26,144],"when":[27],"modeling":[28],"morphologically":[29],"rich":[30],"languages.":[31],"Despite":[32],"intensive":[33],"research":[34,158],"over":[35,153],"more":[36],"than":[37],"20":[38],"years,":[39],"state-of-the-art":[40],"LVCSR":[41],"SMT":[43],"seem":[45],"use":[47],"one":[49],"dominant":[50],"approach:":[51],"n-gram":[52,86],"back-off":[53,85],"language":[54,65,131,140,162,173],"models.":[55,132,163],"This":[56],"talk":[57],"first":[58],"reviews":[59],"the":[60,72,78,84,89,100,168],"most":[61],"modeling.":[66],"I":[67,165],"then":[68],"discuss":[69],"some":[70],"of":[71,113,127,172,180],"recent":[73],"trends":[74],"challenges":[76,169],"for":[77],"future.":[79],"An":[80],"interesting":[81],"alternative":[82],"approach":[87],"are":[88,160],"so-called":[90],"space":[92],"methods.":[93],"The":[94,133],"basic":[95],"idea":[96],"is":[97,121],"perform":[99],"probability":[101,111],"estimation":[102],"a":[104,123,139,143],"space.":[106],"By":[107],"these":[108],"means":[109],"better":[110],"estimations":[112],"unseen":[114],"word":[115],"sequences":[116],"can":[117,135,150],"be":[118,151],"expected.":[119],"There":[120],"also":[122],"relative":[124],"body":[126],"works":[128],"on":[129],"adaptive":[130],"adaptation":[134],"aim":[136],"tailor":[138],"model":[141],"task":[145],"or":[146,148],"domain,":[147],"it":[149],"performed":[152],"time.":[154],"Another":[155],"very":[156,177],"active":[157],"area":[159],"discriminative":[161],"Finally,":[164],"will":[166],"review":[167],"benefits":[171],"trained":[175],"amounts":[179],"training":[181],"material.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
