{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145043286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","title":"Back-off action selection in summary space-based POMDP dialogue systems","display_name":"Back-off action selection in summary space-based POMDP dialogue systems","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145043286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","mag":"2145043286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Gasic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Gasic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082650522","display_name":"Florence Lef\u00e8vre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5573-8411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Lefevre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F. Jurcicek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Jurcicek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062392738","display_name":"Simon Keizer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-8966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Keizer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008513708","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Mairesse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-4600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Mairesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109169276","display_name":"B. Thomson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043098653","display_name":"Kai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109547422","display_name":"S.J. Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Dialogue Systems Group, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89994593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"456","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.9452822208404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8085002303123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7446357011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7442829608917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.7333593368530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-selection","display_name":"Action selection","score":0.6246010065078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5930636525154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5382198691368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.5279882550239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bellman-equation","display_name":"Bellman equation","score":0.49631816148757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.48432648181915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.48288512229919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4598331153392792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.43796998262405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4008881747722626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34335485100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.34307408332824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.24407944083213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18384304642677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.11424589157104492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.9452822208404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8085002303123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7446357011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7442829608917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7333593368530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166109690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677422","display_name":"Action selection","level":3,"score":0.6246010065078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5930636525154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5382198691368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.5279882550239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14646407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430750","display_name":"Bellman equation","level":2,"score":0.49631816148757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.48432648181915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48288512229919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4598331153392792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43796998262405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4008881747722626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34335485100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.34307408332824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.24407944083213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18384304642677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.11424589157104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.157.8935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.157.8935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~sjy/papers/gljk09.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.163.6775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.6775","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~ky219/papers/gasic-asru09.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1617629475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/F013930/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1211946649","https://openalex.org/W1555477527","https://openalex.org/W1602011256","https://openalex.org/W1603655240","https://openalex.org/W1999987460","https://openalex.org/W2062175565","https://openalex.org/W2115101920","https://openalex.org/W2117555338","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2126810476","https://openalex.org/W2142831953","https://openalex.org/W2168359464","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6633295396","https://openalex.org/W6677341168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W2951545791","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W4323315247","https://openalex.org/W3169161914","https://openalex.org/W2807018115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,108],"paper":[1,109],"deals":[2],"with":[3,19],"the":[4,11,26,43,46,73,77,112,143,148,153],"issue":[5],"of":[6,96,150],"invalid":[7,86,151],"state-action":[8],"pairs":[9],"in":[10,57,70,79,126],"Partially":[12],"Observable":[13],"Markov":[14],"Decision":[15],"Process":[16],"(POMDP)":[17],"framework,":[18],"a":[20,40,132,139],"focus":[21],"on":[22],"real-world":[23],"tasks":[24],"where":[25],"need":[27],"for":[28],"approximate":[29],"solutions":[30],"exacerbates":[31],"this":[32],"problem.":[33],"In":[34],"particular,":[35],"when":[36,88],"modelling":[37],"dialogue":[38],"as":[39],"POMDP,":[41],"both":[42],"state":[44],"and":[45,137],"action":[47,74,87,156],"space":[48,81,145],"must":[49,99],"be":[50,101,120,162],"reduced":[51],"to":[52,59,84,91,103,122,131,138,146,161],"smaller":[53],"scale":[54],"summary":[55,80,144],"spaces":[56],"order":[58,123],"make":[60],"learning":[61,118],"tractable.":[62],"However,":[63],"since":[64],"not":[65],"all":[66,71],"actions":[67,125],"are":[68],"valid":[69],"states,":[72],"proposed":[75,154],"by":[76],"policy":[78],"sometimes":[82],"leads":[83],"an":[85,105,127],"mapped":[89],"back":[90],"master":[92],"space.":[93],"Some":[94],"form":[95],"back-off":[97,124,135],"scheme":[98,158],"then":[100],"used":[102,121],"generate":[104],"alternative":[106],"action.":[107],"demonstrates":[110],"how":[111],"value":[113],"function":[114],"derived":[115],"during":[116],"reinforcement":[117],"can":[119],"N-best":[128,155],"list.":[129],"Compared":[130],"simple":[133],"baseline":[134],"strategy":[136,140],"that":[141],"extends":[142],"minimise":[147],"occurrence":[149],"actions,":[152],"selection":[157],"is":[159],"shown":[160],"significantly":[163],"more":[164],"robust.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}