{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104779640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","title":"Speaker de-identification via voice transformation","display_name":"Speaker de-identification via voice transformation","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104779640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","mag":"2104779640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101665677","display_name":"Qin Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-6067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qin Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069337237","display_name":"Arthur R. Toth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur R. Toth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058049725","display_name":"Tanja Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107337645","display_name":"Alan W. Black","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-8831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan W Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101665677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11826887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"529","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7880545258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6536886692047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.613128662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5875990390777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.5670173764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.5653760433197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5458706617355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligibility","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","score":0.5152021050453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.1064155101776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09473222494125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.089379221200943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7880545258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6536886692047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.613128662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5875990390777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.5670173764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.5653760433197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5458706617355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433889","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5152021050453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.1064155101776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09473222494125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.089379221200943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2009.5373356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.154.8774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.154.8774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/papers/asru2009/AS090161.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66627554","https://openalex.org/W83887739","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2116907524","https://openalex.org/W2120605154","https://openalex.org/W2136105097","https://openalex.org/W2158325515","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2165880886","https://openalex.org/W3177989406","https://openalex.org/W6603357476","https://openalex.org/W6677583064","https://openalex.org/W6798679566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085637247","https://openalex.org/W1491159402","https://openalex.org/W4297807400","https://openalex.org/W4313854686","https://openalex.org/W2611678594","https://openalex.org/W3162054169","https://openalex.org/W1813780412","https://openalex.org/W2127461790","https://openalex.org/W2069324367","https://openalex.org/W289407349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,16,49,88,121,124,175],"common":[3],"feature":[4],"of":[5,33,75,91,102,116,145,148,196],"modern":[6],"automated":[7],"voice-driven":[8],"applications":[9,27],"and":[10,14,26,38,67,123,188],"services":[11],"to":[12,56,93,112,184,200],"record":[13],"transmit":[15],"user's":[17,35],"spoken":[18,151],"request.":[19],"At":[20],"the":[21,31,34,40,44,53,60,63,73,76,95,100,103,114,131,138,146,149,159,169,181,194,197,204],"same":[22,41],"time,":[23],"several":[24],"domains":[25],"may":[28],"require":[29],"keeping":[30],"content":[32,147],"request":[36],"confidential":[37],"at":[39],"time":[42],"preserving":[43,99,155],"speaker's":[45,54],"identity.":[46],"This":[47],"requires":[48],"technology":[50],"that":[51,62,137,162,179],"allows":[52],"voice":[55,64,84,119,140],"be":[57,185],"de-identified":[58],"in":[59],"sense":[61],"sounds":[65],"natural":[66],"intelligible":[68,187],"but":[69],"does":[70],"not":[71],"reveal":[72],"identity":[74,195],"speaker.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper":[80],"we":[81,172],"investigate":[82],"different":[83,163],"transformation":[85,141],"strategies":[86],"on":[87,130],"large":[89],"population":[90],"speakers":[92,164,198,205],"disguise":[94],"speakers'":[96],"identities":[97],"while":[98,153],"intelligibility":[101],"voices.":[104],"We":[105],"apply":[106],"two":[107],"automatic":[108,132],"speaker":[109,133],"identification":[110,134],"approaches":[111],"verify":[113],"success":[115],"de-identification":[117],"with":[118],"transformation,":[120],"GMM-based":[122],"phonetic":[125],"approach.":[126],"The":[127],"evaluation":[128],"based":[129],"systems":[135],"verifies":[136],"proposed":[139],"technique":[142],"enables":[143],"transmission":[144],"users'":[150],"requests":[152],"successfully":[154],"their":[156],"identities.":[157],"Also,":[158],"results":[160],"indicate":[161],"still":[165],"sound":[166],"distinct":[167],"after":[168],"transformation.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"carried":[173],"out":[174],"human":[176],"listening":[177],"test":[178],"proved":[180],"transformed":[182],"speech":[183],"both":[186],"securely":[189],"de-identified,":[190],"as":[191],"it":[192],"hid":[193],"even":[199],"listeners":[201],"who":[202],"knew":[203],"very":[206],"well.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}