{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978229152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","title":"An efficient STT-RAM-based register file in GPU architectures","display_name":"An efficient STT-RAM-based register file in GPU architectures","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978229152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","mag":"1978229152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 20th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338879","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6325-1796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005196528","display_name":"Mengjie Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjie Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066400911","display_name":"Xiuyuan Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-6764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuyuan Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429403","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-6544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058073627","display_name":"Yiran Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95690474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"490","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-file","display_name":"Register file","score":0.8436366319656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8186309337615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.6424614191055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.557635486125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standby-power","display_name":"Standby power","score":0.5253143906593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5169757604598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5156154036521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4557066559791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.45487579703330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-time","display_name":"Access time","score":0.42130139470100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.41492363810539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3781309723854065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.3744180500507355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.34235185384750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3398376703262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.18904361128807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10494515299797058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10061362385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08459866046905518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117280010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180944","display_name":"Register file","level":3,"score":0.8436366319656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8186309337615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.6424614191055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.557635486125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7140552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366402","display_name":"Standby power","level":3,"score":0.5253143906593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5169757604598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5156154036521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4557066559791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.45487579703330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194080101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46306","display_name":"Access time","level":2,"score":0.42130139470100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.41492363810539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3781309723854065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.3744180500507355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.34235185384750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3398376703262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.18904361128807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10494515299797058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10061362385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08459866046905518}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2015.7059054","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 20th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482635212","https://openalex.org/W1976534780","https://openalex.org/W1979527452","https://openalex.org/W1980034734","https://openalex.org/W1992851788","https://openalex.org/W2001673453","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2012025286","https://openalex.org/W2034639175","https://openalex.org/W2043465878","https://openalex.org/W2053331999","https://openalex.org/W2069345435","https://openalex.org/W2072656003","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2081373884","https://openalex.org/W2093043622","https://openalex.org/W2136800915","https://openalex.org/W2139052244","https://openalex.org/W2153826642","https://openalex.org/W2543205889","https://openalex.org/W2598176114","https://openalex.org/W3143249011","https://openalex.org/W4238440425","https://openalex.org/W4254284875","https://openalex.org/W6652940909","https://openalex.org/W6680320015","https://openalex.org/W6734885788","https://openalex.org/W6836286262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080140894","https://openalex.org/W1607429028","https://openalex.org/W4239584669","https://openalex.org/W2045555750","https://openalex.org/W4250432526","https://openalex.org/W2181994306","https://openalex.org/W2101536355","https://openalex.org/W2009783759","https://openalex.org/W2039538849","https://openalex.org/W4245282684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"GPGPUs":[1],"employ":[2],"a":[3,47,99,104,109],"large":[4,31],"register":[5,145],"file":[6],"(RF)":[7],"to":[8,65,82,107,134,143,176],"efficiently":[9],"process":[10],"heavily":[11],"parallel":[12],"threads":[13],"in":[14],"single":[15],"instruction":[16],"multiple":[17],"thread":[18],"(SIMT)":[19],"fashion.":[20],"The":[21],"up-scaling":[22],"of":[23,39,91,98,119,139],"RF":[24,50,121,161],"capacity,":[25],"however,":[26],"is":[27,131],"greatly":[28],"constrained":[29],"by":[30,86],"cell":[32,57,74],"area":[33,75],"and":[34,76,94,116,151,170],"high":[35],"leakage":[36],"power":[37,80],"consumption":[38],"SRAM":[40],"implementation.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45,102],"propose":[46,103],"novel":[48,128],"GPU":[49],"design":[51],"based":[52,122],"on":[53,123,156],"the":[54,88,92,95,113,117,120,136,140],"emerging":[55],"multi-level":[56],"(MLC)":[58],"spin-transfer":[59],"torque":[60],"RAM":[61],"(STT-RAM)":[62],"technology.":[63],"Compared":[64],"SRAM,":[66],"MLC":[67],"STT-RAM":[68],"(or":[69],"MLC-STT)":[70],"has":[71],"much":[72],"smaller":[73],"almost":[77],"zero":[78],"standby":[79],"due":[81],"its":[83],"non-volatility.":[84],"Moreover,":[85],"leveraging":[87],"asymmetric":[89],"performance":[90,165],"soft":[93],"hard":[96],"bits":[97],"MLC-STT":[100,160],"cell,":[101],"remapping":[105],"strategy":[106],"perform":[108],"flexible":[110],"tradeoff":[111],"between":[112],"access":[114,125,144],"time":[115,138],"capacity":[118],"run-time":[124],"patterns.":[126],"A":[127],"rescheduling":[129],"scheme":[130],"also":[132],"developed":[133],"minimize":[135],"waiting":[137],"issued":[141],"warps":[142],"banks.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"over":[149],"ISPASS2009":[150],"CUDA":[152],"benchmarks":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155],"average,":[157],"our":[158],"proposed":[159],"can":[162],"achieve":[163],"3.28%":[164],"improvement,":[166],"9.48%":[167],"energy":[168,172],"reduction,":[169],"38.9%":[171],"efficiency":[173],"enhancement":[174],"compared":[175],"conventional":[177],"SRAM-based":[178],"design.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
