{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013200862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","title":"SPADs for quantum random number generators and beyond","display_name":"SPADs for quantum random number generators and beyond","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013200862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","mag":"2013200862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/256997","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075524244","display_name":"Samuel Burri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-043X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801290870","display_name":"Business School Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/03x0g5n48","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Burri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035917711","display_name":"Damien Stucki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131832","display_name":"ID Quantique (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/03azrqe31","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131832"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damien Stucki","raw_affiliation_strings":["IdQuantique, Carouge, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IdQuantique, Carouge, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087660122","display_name":"Yuki Maruyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6094-4191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuki Maruyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056190203","display_name":"Claudio Bruschini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-6596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801290870","display_name":"Business School Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/03x0g5n48","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Bruschini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026782847","display_name":"Edoardo Charbon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-3365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801290870","display_name":"Business School Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/03x0g5n48","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Charbon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801290870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049456178","display_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALaRI, USI, Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALaRI, USI, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90403853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"788","last_page":"794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.6603178381919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.601648211479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.562538206577301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5276694893836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.5208052396774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.5147069096565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5005743503570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.45486682653427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.42442527413368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.4114101231098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.40372228622436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.38849183917045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.36275359988212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.2340681254863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21037521958351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15869298577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15178698301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.10405653715133667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.6603178381919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.601648211479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.562538206577301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5276694893836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5208052396774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.5147069096565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5005743503570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45486682653427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.42442527413368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.4114101231098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.40372228622436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.38849183917045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.36275359988212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2340681254863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21037521958351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15869298577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15178698301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.10405653715133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2014.6742986","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.697.348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.697.348","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ens.ewi.tudelft.nl/pubs/Burri14aspdac.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:256997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/256997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:256997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/256997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313458","display_name":"European Association of National Metrology Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/03csrq586"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335366","display_name":"National Center of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8519299","https://openalex.org/W1784986387","https://openalex.org/W1989683026","https://openalex.org/W1997976635","https://openalex.org/W1999094902","https://openalex.org/W2010694256","https://openalex.org/W2017636475","https://openalex.org/W2029106456","https://openalex.org/W2104271748","https://openalex.org/W2133052720","https://openalex.org/W2135448171","https://openalex.org/W2139280266","https://openalex.org/W3104023655","https://openalex.org/W6638119532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041021839","https://openalex.org/W3156845399","https://openalex.org/W2347118923","https://openalex.org/W2080074905","https://openalex.org/W2089087979","https://openalex.org/W4241557834","https://openalex.org/W2324745772","https://openalex.org/W1989987871","https://openalex.org/W2034660332","https://openalex.org/W2081192765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Single-Photon":[0],"Avalanche":[1],"Diodes":[2],"(SPADs)":[3],"are":[4,46,149],"solid-state":[5],"photo-detectors":[6],"capable":[7],"of":[8,22,63,78,100,112,135,145],"detecting":[9],"single":[10],"photons":[11,124],"by":[12,54,132,140],"exploiting":[13],"the":[14,20,75,94,98,133,167,179],"avalanche":[15],"effect":[16],"that":[17,122,187],"occurs":[18],"in":[19,152],"breakdown":[21,28],"a":[23,33,40,55,70,101,108,126,141,153,161,171],"p-n":[24],"junction":[25],"biased":[26],"above":[27],"voltage.":[29],"By":[30],"this":[31,84],"effect,":[32],"SPAD":[34,64],"translates":[35],"an":[36],"incoming":[37],"photon":[38],"to":[39,66,193],"macroscopic":[41],"current":[42],"pulse.":[43],"These":[44],"devices":[45,52],"currently":[47],"used":[48],"for":[49,73,204],"building":[50,74],"medical":[51],"characterized":[53,139],"very":[56,142],"high":[57,143],"time":[58],"resolution.":[59],"An":[60],"appealing":[61],"application":[62],"is":[65,138],"use":[67],"them":[68],"as":[69,130],"basic":[71],"block":[72],"entropy":[76],"source":[77],"true":[79],"random":[80,103,206],"number":[81,104,207],"generators.":[82],"In":[83],"paper":[85],"we":[86,92,165],"focus":[87],"on":[88,107,178,210],"such":[89],"application,":[90],"and":[91,158,182,202],"explore":[93],"design":[95],"challenges":[96],"behind":[97],"realization":[99],"quantum":[102,136],"generator":[105],"based":[106,209],"massively":[109],"parallel":[110,155],"array":[111],"SPADs.":[113,211],"The":[114,147],"matrix":[115],"under":[116],"investigation":[117],"comprises":[118],"512\u00d7128":[119],"independent":[120],"cells":[121],"convert":[123],"onto":[125,160],"raw":[127],"bit-stream,":[128],"which,":[129],"ensured":[131],"properties":[134],"physics,":[137],"level":[144],"randomness.":[146],"sequences":[148],"read":[150],"out":[151],"128-bit":[154],"bus,":[156],"concatenated,":[157],"pipelined":[159],"de-biasing":[162],"filter.":[163],"Subsequently,":[164],"fabricated":[166],"proposed":[168],"chip":[169],"using":[170],"standard":[172],"CMOS":[173],"process.":[174],"Our":[175],"results,":[176],"achieved":[177],"manufactured":[180],"device":[181],"coupling":[183],"two":[184],"matrices,":[185],"show":[186],"our":[188],"architecture":[189],"can":[190],"reach":[191],"up":[192],"5":[194],"Gbit/s":[195],"while":[196],"consuming":[197],"25pJ/bit,":[198],"thus":[199],"demonstrating":[200],"scalability":[201],"performance":[203],"any":[205],"generators":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
