{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134954504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764","title":"SAND: A Self-supervised and Adaptive NAS-Driven Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection","display_name":"SAND: A Self-supervised and Adaptive NAS-Driven Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134954504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 31st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128761851","display_name":"Zhixin Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084697185","display_name":"Ziyu Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-3177"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104125276","display_name":"Linh Giang Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121586853","display_name":"Amberbir Alemayoh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amberbir Alemayoh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"931","last_page":"937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9046000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9046000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.05719999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.27320000529289246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.24699999392032623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac66049.2026.11420764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 31st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4682579040527344,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108417620","https://openalex.org/W220440441","https://openalex.org/W2117912127","https://openalex.org/W2572139170","https://openalex.org/W2724859555","https://openalex.org/W2782017703","https://openalex.org/W2798312912","https://openalex.org/W2895951708","https://openalex.org/W3000731494","https://openalex.org/W3111561387","https://openalex.org/W3123479826","https://openalex.org/W3131407372","https://openalex.org/W3169517138","https://openalex.org/W3173292968","https://openalex.org/W3184885667","https://openalex.org/W3200961992","https://openalex.org/W3202391847","https://openalex.org/W4224069029","https://openalex.org/W4288064514","https://openalex.org/W4317209778","https://openalex.org/W4390317718","https://openalex.org/W7133198386"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"globalized":[1],"semiconductor":[2],"supply":[3],"chain":[4],"has":[5],"made":[6],"Hardware":[7],"Trojans":[8],"(HT)":[9],"a":[10,64,129],"significant":[11,130],"security":[12],"threat":[13],"to":[14,87,106,116,136],"embedded":[15],"systems,":[16],"necessitating":[17],"the":[18,34,44,93,109],"design":[19],"of":[20,46,49],"efficient":[21,71],"and":[22,43,66,147],"adaptable":[23],"detection":[24,31,133],"mechanisms.":[25],"Despite":[26],"promising":[27],"machine":[28],"learning-based":[29],"HT":[30,56,72],"techniques":[32],"in":[33,132],"literature,":[35],"they":[36],"suffer":[37],"from":[38],"ad":[39],"hoc":[40],"feature":[41,90],"selection":[42],"lack":[45],"adaptivity,":[47],"all":[48],"which":[50],"hinder":[51],"their":[52],"effectiveness":[53],"across":[54],"diverse":[55],"attacks.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59,75],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"SAND,":[63],"self-supervised":[65,84],"adaptive":[67],"NAS-driven":[68],"framework":[69],"for":[70,113],"detection.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"paper":[76],"makes":[77],"three":[78],"key":[79],"contributions.":[80],"(1)":[81],"We":[82],"leverage":[83],"learning":[85],"(SSL)":[86],"enable":[88],"automated":[89],"extraction,":[91],"eliminating":[92],"dependency":[94],"on":[95],"manually":[96],"engineered":[97],"features.":[98],"(2)":[99],"SAND":[100,127],"integrates":[101],"neural":[102],"architecture":[103],"search":[104],"(NAS)":[105],"dynamically":[107],"optimize":[108],"downstream":[110],"classifier,":[111],"allowing":[112],"seamless":[114],"adaptation":[115],"unseen":[117],"benchmarks":[118],"with":[119],"minimal":[120],"fine-tuning.":[121],"(3)":[122],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"achieves":[128],"improvement":[131],"accuracy":[134],"(up":[135],"18.3%)":[137],"over":[138],"state-of-the-art":[139],"methods,":[140],"exhibits":[141],"high":[142],"resilience":[143],"against":[144],"evasive":[145],"Trojans,":[146],"demonstrates":[148],"strong":[149],"generalization.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}