{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212867030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","title":"BSC: Block-based Stochastic Computing to Enable Accurate and Efficient TinyML","display_name":"BSC: Block-based Stochastic Computing to Enable Accurate and Efficient TinyML","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212867030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","mag":"3212867030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608500","display_name":"2022 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041623482","display_name":"Yuhong Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-2766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077381252","display_name":"Edwin H.\u2010M. Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Hsing-Mean Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005358696","display_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101426309","display_name":"Rui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-8027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045991361","display_name":"Yongzhuo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1203-3064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhuo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048972267","display_name":"Bingzhe Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-9706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131712","display_name":"Oklahoma State University Oklahoma City","ror":"https://ror.org/03y1zyv86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131712"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingzhe Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698152","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-440X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"314","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.8267349004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8231675624847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6235067248344421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.6207722425460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.5926721096038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.5259423851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4560846984386444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45273202657699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4498039782047272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.4200212359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.41960012912750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35226553678512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3519124388694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3487512469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3246520161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3112044334411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2778526842594147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.20699089765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1707363724708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1673632264137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.13255640864372253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.8267349004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8231675624847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6235067248344421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.6207722425460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5926721096038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5259423851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4560846984386444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45273202657699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4498039782047272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.4200212359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.41960012912750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35226553678512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3519124388694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3487512469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3246520161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3112044334411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2778526842594147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.20699089765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1707363724708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1673632264137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.13255640864372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asp-dac52403.2022.9712585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608500","display_name":"2022 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010588734","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2293282867","https://openalex.org/W2402098947","https://openalex.org/W2533474659","https://openalex.org/W2625226188","https://openalex.org/W2732951378","https://openalex.org/W2769932825","https://openalex.org/W2800155864","https://openalex.org/W2809643188","https://openalex.org/W2900009113","https://openalex.org/W2908853553","https://openalex.org/W2911884654","https://openalex.org/W2945611782","https://openalex.org/W2963847817","https://openalex.org/W3013688681","https://openalex.org/W3016142271","https://openalex.org/W3043216033","https://openalex.org/W3047774572","https://openalex.org/W3091602279","https://openalex.org/W3132482087","https://openalex.org/W3162542754","https://openalex.org/W3206837665","https://openalex.org/W3213174544","https://openalex.org/W4243261588","https://openalex.org/W6740159687","https://openalex.org/W6782144733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2984357801","https://openalex.org/W4378881683","https://openalex.org/W4312348467","https://openalex.org/W2203551074","https://openalex.org/W4213061603","https://openalex.org/W4319431600","https://openalex.org/W2945611782","https://openalex.org/W2966138862","https://openalex.org/W2937145996","https://openalex.org/W4200495212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Along":[0],"with":[1,32,52],"the":[2,49,79,89,116,119,122,127,155,191,209],"progress":[3],"of":[4,88,112,118,181,193],"AI":[5],"democratization,":[6],"machine":[7],"learning":[8],"(ML)":[9],"has":[10,57],"been":[11],"successfully":[12],"applied":[13],"to":[14,106,176,189],"edge":[15],"applications,":[16],"such":[17,153],"as":[18,44],"smart":[19],"phones":[20],"and":[21,93,110,169,221],"automated":[22],"driving.":[23],"Nowadays,":[24],"more":[25],"applications":[26],"require":[27],"ML":[28,47,81,103,219],"on":[29,48,60,218],"tiny":[30],"devices":[31],"extremely":[33],"limited":[34,54],"resources,":[35],"like":[36],"implantable":[37],"cardioverter":[38],"de-fibrillator":[39],"(ICD),":[40],"which":[41,195],"is":[42,71,187],"known":[43],"TinyML.":[45],"Unlike":[46],"edge,":[50],"TinyML":[51,74],"a":[53,139,183,198],"energy":[55],"supply":[56],"higher":[58,132,216],"demands":[59],"low-power":[61],"execution.":[62],"Stochastic":[63,145],"computing":[64],"(SC)":[65],"using":[66,83],"bitstreams":[67],"for":[68,73,102],"data":[69,108,163],"representation":[70],"promising":[72],"since":[75],"it":[76],"can":[77,125,157,196,207],"perform":[78],"fundamental":[80],"operations":[82],"simple":[84],"logical":[85],"gates,":[86],"instead":[87],"complicated":[90],"binary":[91],"adder":[92],"multiplier.":[94],"However,":[95],"SC":[96,141],"commonly":[97],"suffers":[98],"from":[99],"low":[100,107],"accuracy":[101,217],"tasks":[104,220],"due":[105],"precision":[109,128],"inaccuracy":[111],"arithmetic":[113,167],"units.":[114],"Increasing":[115],"length":[117],"bitstream":[120],"in":[121,212],"existing":[123,210],"works":[124],"mitigate":[126],"issue":[129],"but":[130],"incur":[131],"latency.":[133],"In":[134],"this":[135],"work,":[136],"we":[137],"propose":[138],"novel":[140],"architecture,":[142],"namely":[143],"Block-based":[144],"Computing":[146],"(BSC).":[147],"BSC":[148,206],"divides":[149],"inputs":[150],"into":[151],"blocks,":[152,194],"that":[154,205],"latency":[156],"be":[158],"reduced":[159],"by":[160],"exploiting":[161],"high":[162],"parallelism.":[164],"Moreover,":[165],"optimized":[166],"units":[168],"output":[170],"revision":[171],"(OUR)":[172],"scheme":[173],"are":[174],"proposed":[175],"improve":[177],"accuracy.":[178],"On":[179],"top":[180],"it,":[182],"global":[184],"optimization":[185],"approach":[186],"devised":[188],"determine":[190],"number":[192],"make":[197],"better":[199],"latency-power":[200],"trade-off.":[201],"Experimental":[202],"results":[203],"show":[204],"outperform":[208],"designs":[211],"achieving":[213],"over":[214,222],"10%":[215],"<tex":[223],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[224],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$6\\times$</tex>":[225],"power":[226],"reduction.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}