{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3102681739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","title":"A First Look at COVID-19 Messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan","display_name":"A First Look at COVID-19 Messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3102681739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","mag":"3102681739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.09145","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021586254","display_name":"Rana Tallal Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-4374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Tallal Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028693313","display_name":"Mirza Elaaf Shuja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirza Elaaf Shuja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086703267","display_name":"Muhammad Usama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-8605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037574053","display_name":"Junaid Qadir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053140954","display_name":"Waleed Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9805-5688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London","queen mary university of london"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"queen mary university of london","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023313904","display_name":"Gareth Tyson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3010-791X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gareth Tyson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London","queen mary university of london"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"queen mary university of london","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101622683","display_name":"Ignacio Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-6184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ignacio Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London","queen mary university of london"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"queen mary university of london","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063557800","display_name":"Kiran Garimella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6212-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109586","display_name":"Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/021es5e59","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109586"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Garimella","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT","-MIT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"-MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021586254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24496531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"118","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.9443603754043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7783148288726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7523050308227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6152991652488708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5420412421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5362870693206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5001332759857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.46766555309295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.42500150203704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4195922315120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.388799786567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10099118947982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10084521770477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08370578289031982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9443603754043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7783148288726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7523050308227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6152991652488708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5420412421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5362870693206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5001332759857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.46766555309295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42500150203704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4195922315120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.388799786567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10099118947982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10084521770477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08370578289031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.09145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09145","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.09145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-158859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-158859","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.09145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2011.09145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3102681739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.09145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09145","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.09145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018444966","https://openalex.org/W2466805460","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2911955562","https://openalex.org/W2949422051","https://openalex.org/W2954093511","https://openalex.org/W2964250823","https://openalex.org/W2990343632","https://openalex.org/W2998974217","https://openalex.org/W2999265353","https://openalex.org/W3011186656","https://openalex.org/W3011345566","https://openalex.org/W3012755875","https://openalex.org/W3012823428","https://openalex.org/W3013486657","https://openalex.org/W3015131281","https://openalex.org/W3021935553","https://openalex.org/W3028584171","https://openalex.org/W3041176905","https://openalex.org/W3101739755","https://openalex.org/W6750168784","https://openalex.org/W6758333095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3151856971","https://openalex.org/W2764130260","https://openalex.org/W1534625513","https://openalex.org/W3021935553","https://openalex.org/W74134947","https://openalex.org/W3013486657","https://openalex.org/W2127267264","https://openalex.org/W2802942820","https://openalex.org/W2252267858","https://openalex.org/W1963766209","https://openalex.org/W129562960","https://openalex.org/W2401984328","https://openalex.org/W2556195514","https://openalex.org/W3013274707","https://openalex.org/W2071225389","https://openalex.org/W1040361464","https://openalex.org/W2041551532","https://openalex.org/W3019379946","https://openalex.org/W1640081031","https://openalex.org/W194897310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"worldwide":[1],"spread":[2],"of":[3,44,59,61,72,84,108,130],"COVID-19":[4,45,77],"has":[5],"prompted":[6],"extensive":[7],"online":[8],"discussions,":[9],"creating":[10],"an":[11],"`infodemic'":[12],"on":[13,26,47,54,76,134],"social":[14],"media":[15],"platforms":[16,28,120],"such":[17],"as":[18,125],"WhatsApp":[19,49,111,123],"and":[20,65,79,112,121],"Twitter.":[21,135],"However,":[22],"the":[23,41,69,81,106,131],"information":[24,109,117,132],"shared":[25,133],"these":[27],"is":[29,101],"prone":[30],"to":[31,94],"be":[32],"unreliable":[33],"and/or":[34],"misleading.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,67,97,114],"present":[40],"first":[42],"analysis":[43],"discourse":[46],"public":[48],"groups":[50],"from":[51],"Pakistan.":[52],"Building":[53],"a":[55,126],"large":[56],"scale":[57],"annotation":[58],"thousands":[60],"messages":[62,78,86],"containing":[63],"text":[64],"images,":[66],"identify":[68],"main":[70],"categories":[71],"discussion.":[73],"We":[74],"focus":[75],"understand":[80],"different":[82],"types":[83],"images/text":[85],"being":[87],"propagated.":[88],"By":[89],"exploring":[90],"user":[91],"behavior":[92],"related":[93],"COVID":[95],"messages,":[96],"inspect":[98],"how":[99,116,122],"misinformation":[100],"spread.":[102],"Finally,":[103],"by":[104],"quantifying":[105],"flow":[107],"across":[110,119],"Twitter,":[113],"show":[115],"spreads":[118],"acts":[124],"source":[127],"for":[128],"much":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}