{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128616307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338","title":"FPGA-Accelerated SPHINCS+: An Area-Optimized and High-Throughput Design","display_name":"FPGA-Accelerated SPHINCS+: An Area-Optimized and High-Throughput Design","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128616307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125624535","display_name":"Yanfeng Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanfeng Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048802810","display_name":"Bei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2891-8521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012854154","display_name":"J.-Y. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiansheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055800000","display_name":"Chenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011952918","display_name":"Yijun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641142","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-0948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,College of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing,China,211106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125624535"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88030562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.758899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.758899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.08950000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.06970000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.42089998722076416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9661340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257799","display_name":"Secure Hash Algorithm","level":5,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197966572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915079","display_name":"Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm","level":5,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508853","display_name":"Functional verification","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost68425.2025.11370338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4667605757713318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"implementations":[1],"of":[2],"SLH-DSA-compliant":[3],"digital":[4],"signatures":[5],"encounter":[6],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8],"related":[9],"to":[10,16,67,131],"computational":[11],"latency":[12],"and":[13,115],"area":[14,113,128],"due":[15],"the":[17,59,88,94,132],"algorithm\u2019s":[18],"reliance":[19],"on":[20,87],"extensive":[21],"hash":[22,65],"computations.":[23],"To":[24],"address":[25],"these":[26],"issues,":[27],"this":[28],"paper":[29],"introduces":[30],"a":[31,76],"novel":[32],"signature":[33,69,79],"architecture":[34],"that":[35,93,100,118],"leverages":[36],"layer-aware":[37],"parallel":[38],"scheduling":[39],"(LAS).":[40],"This":[41],"approach":[42],"accelerates":[43],"signing":[44,98],"speeds":[45],"while":[46],"only":[47],"minimally":[48],"increasing":[49],"resource":[50,83],"usage":[51],"in":[52,112,127],"lightweight":[53],"standard":[54],"implementations.":[55],"Additionally,":[56],"we":[57],"optimize":[58],"hardware":[60],"implementation":[61],"for":[62],"six":[63],"cryptographic":[64],"functions":[66],"enhance":[68],"generation":[70,80],"speed.":[71],"Subtree":[72],"optimization":[73],"further":[74],"facilitates":[75],"more":[77],"compact":[78],"process,":[81],"reducing":[82],"requirements.":[84],"Experimental":[85],"results":[86],"AMD":[89],"Artix-7":[90],"FPGA":[91],"demonstrate":[92],"proposed":[95],"design":[96],"achieves":[97],"speed":[99,117],"is":[101,119],"$\\mathbf{2.":[102],"3":[103],"3}":[104],"\\times$":[105,121],"faster,":[106,122],"with":[107],"$\\mathbf{6":[108],"5":[109],"\\%}$":[110],"improvement":[111],"efficiency,":[114],"verification":[116],"$2.97":[120],"accompanied":[123],"by":[124],"111%":[125],"increase":[126],"efficiency":[129],"compared":[130],"latest":[133],"standard-compliant":[134],"implementation.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-12T06:17:30.163165","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
