{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251916063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174","title":"Generation of PUF-Keys on FPGAs by K-means Frequency Clustering","display_name":"Generation of PUF-Keys on FPGAs by K-means Frequency Clustering","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251916063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049582048","display_name":"K A Asha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K A Asha","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS IGP, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS IGP, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061799084","display_name":"Abhishek Patyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-7601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Patyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS IGP, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS IGP, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021615416","display_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33814029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"44","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8221938610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-weight","display_name":"Hamming weight","score":0.7248620986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6938832998275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.6773310899734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.671844482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6560019254684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.6492190361022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5811382532119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.44000041484832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.4150403141975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37267154455184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.33470603823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3304184675216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2921428680419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.29167431592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2291165292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22130465507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16609063744544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1335669755935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10713532567024231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8221938610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63361517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645805","display_name":"Hamming weight","level":5,"score":0.7248620986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6938832998275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.6773310899734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.671844482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6560019254684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.6492190361022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5811382532119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.44000041484832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.4150403141975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37267154455184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.33470603823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3304184675216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2921428680419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29167431592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2291165292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22130465507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16609063744544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1335669755935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10713532567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asianhost.2018.8607174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968261083","https://openalex.org/W2019077463","https://openalex.org/W2073264789","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2093154965","https://openalex.org/W2093731983","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2135064681","https://openalex.org/W2136023023","https://openalex.org/W2141682861","https://openalex.org/W2526885656","https://openalex.org/W2581828429","https://openalex.org/W2604080611","https://openalex.org/W3145722221","https://openalex.org/W4230927117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389544506","https://openalex.org/W2128735154","https://openalex.org/W2333684670","https://openalex.org/W2126460857","https://openalex.org/W2008960744","https://openalex.org/W2582407527","https://openalex.org/W2135064681","https://openalex.org/W3090320675","https://openalex.org/W4381744100","https://openalex.org/W2093731983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"unclonable":[1],"functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"generate":[4,130],"secret":[5],"keys":[6,25],"that":[7],"are":[8,64,115],"unique":[9,57],"and":[10,47,58,182,192],"derived":[11],"from":[12],"the":[13,18,24,27,36,51,90,98,106,112,123,131,148,151,157,166,171,176,183],"manufacturing":[14],"process":[15],"variations":[16],"of":[17,69,82,87,100,125,142,156,169,175],"device.":[19],"For":[20],"high-security":[21],"applications,":[22],"generating":[23,70],"on":[26,35,77,89,97,105,138],"device":[28,37],"is":[29,136,160,163,180,194],"more":[30],"secure":[31],"than":[32],"storing":[33],"it":[34],"due":[38,187],"to":[39,42,165,188],"its":[40],"resistance":[41],"attacks":[43],"like":[44],"tampering,":[45],"probing":[46],"side-channel":[48],"attacks.":[49],"Also,":[50],"PUF-key":[52],"generated":[53],"should":[54],"be":[55],"very":[56],"reliable.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"proposing":[65],"a":[66,71,139],"novel":[67],"technique":[68],"Ring":[72],"Oscillator":[73],"(RO)":[74],"based":[75],"PUF-keys":[76],"FPGAs":[78],"by":[79,119],"K-means":[80,120],"clustering":[81,121],"RO":[83,113,127],"frequencies.":[84,103],"The":[85],"placement":[86],"ROs":[88],"FPGA":[91],"fabric":[92],"will":[93,129],"have":[94],"an":[95],"impact":[96],"variation":[99],"their":[101,109],"oscillating":[102],"Based":[104],"similarities":[107],"in":[108,190],"frequency":[110],"variations,":[111],"frequencies":[114,128],"grouped":[116],"into":[117],"k-clusters":[118],"and,":[122],"comparison":[124],"within-cluster":[126],"PUF-keys.":[132],"Our":[133],"proposed":[134,149],"method":[135],"evaluated":[137],"large":[140],"population":[141],"193":[143],"Xilinx":[144],"Spartan":[145],"FPGAs.":[146],"With":[147],"method,":[150],"average":[152,172,184],"inter-die":[153],"Hamming":[154,173],"Weight":[155,174],"PUF":[158,178],"responses":[159],"48.92%":[161],"which":[162],"close":[164],"ideal":[167],"value":[168],"50%,":[170],"n-bit":[177],"response":[179],"49.90%":[181],"error":[185],"rate":[186],"changes":[189],"temperature":[191],"voltage":[193],"3.43%.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
