{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205797378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912","title":"Defeating Program Analysis Techniques via Ambiguous Translation","display_name":"Defeating Program Analysis Techniques via Ambiguous Translation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205797378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608212","display_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059444418","display_name":"Chijung Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chijung Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025936242","display_name":"Doowon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-990X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doowon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072088517","display_name":"Weihang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1175-4409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039824895","display_name":"Yunhui Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhui Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033440818","display_name":"Kyu Hyoung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyu Hyung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053834185","display_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-2850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3442,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57277628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"1382","last_page":"1387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8732904195785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snippet","display_name":"Snippet","score":0.7122095227241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-analysis","display_name":"Program analysis","score":0.6706044673919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5812181234359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5517270565032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decodes","display_name":"Decodes","score":0.5488541126251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5252256393432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.4905933439731598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.47344207763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.45983168482780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.45078176259994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.44708189368247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.4382808208465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.43635252118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.41963517665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35666215419769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1581682562828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0802646279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.07689285278320312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8732904195785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120538","display_name":"Snippet","level":2,"score":0.7122095227241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.6706044673919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5812181234359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5517270565032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778858076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249539","display_name":"Decodes","level":3,"score":0.5488541126251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5252256393432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.4905933439731598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.47344207763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.45983168482780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.45078176259994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.44708189368247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.4382808208465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.43635252118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.41963517665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35666215419769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1581682562828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0802646279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.07689285278320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608212","display_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109909280","https://openalex.org/W224445550","https://openalex.org/W1496704300","https://openalex.org/W1506617097","https://openalex.org/W1515180657","https://openalex.org/W1551162551","https://openalex.org/W1586944506","https://openalex.org/W1710734607","https://openalex.org/W1926480282","https://openalex.org/W1954816054","https://openalex.org/W1977634174","https://openalex.org/W1982199114","https://openalex.org/W1984153141","https://openalex.org/W1987647365","https://openalex.org/W2008453980","https://openalex.org/W2018382289","https://openalex.org/W2050344266","https://openalex.org/W2055981842","https://openalex.org/W2066070747","https://openalex.org/W2071170332","https://openalex.org/W2085925880","https://openalex.org/W2087928947","https://openalex.org/W2094568767","https://openalex.org/W2101077503","https://openalex.org/W2126851641","https://openalex.org/W2132874238","https://openalex.org/W2136601052","https://openalex.org/W2137390886","https://openalex.org/W2138788987","https://openalex.org/W2519665700","https://openalex.org/W2560252021","https://openalex.org/W2604507227","https://openalex.org/W2790361646","https://openalex.org/W2970044827","https://openalex.org/W2986166181","https://openalex.org/W2990227674","https://openalex.org/W4205096886","https://openalex.org/W4298013611","https://openalex.org/W6604490274","https://openalex.org/W6629592237","https://openalex.org/W6632907626","https://openalex.org/W6637688222","https://openalex.org/W6640294020","https://openalex.org/W6640822829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239900777","https://openalex.org/W4206927195","https://openalex.org/W3193746984","https://openalex.org/W2154057204","https://openalex.org/W2156676165","https://openalex.org/W2765394967","https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W2591877226","https://openalex.org/W2092019183","https://openalex.org/W2021162507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,98],"research":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,16,51,58,116,127,136],"possibility":[4],"of":[5,15,50,103,105,118],"a":[6,23,36],"new":[7,132],"anti-analysis":[8],"technique,":[9],"carefully":[10],"designed":[11],"to":[12,27,55,70,135],"attack":[13],"weaknesses":[14,104],"existing":[17,106],"program":[18,24,59,137],"analysis":[19,138],"approaches.":[20],"It":[21],"encodes":[22],"code":[25,65],"snippet":[26],"hide,":[28],"and":[29,108,114,121],"its":[30,84],"decoding":[31],"process":[32],"is":[33,54,77],"implemented":[34],"by":[35],"sophisticated":[37],"state":[38],"machine":[39],"that":[40,67,126],"produces":[41],"multiple":[42,63],"outputs":[43],"depending":[44],"on":[45],"inputs.":[46],"The":[47],"key":[48],"idea":[49],"proposed":[52,128],"technique":[53,129],"ambiguously":[56],"decode":[57],"code,":[60],"resulting":[61],"in":[62],"decoded":[64],"snippets":[66],"are":[68],"challenging":[69],"distinguish":[71],"from":[72],"each":[73],"other.":[74],"Our":[75],"approach":[76],"stealthier":[78],"than":[79],"previous":[80],"similar":[81],"approaches":[82],"as":[83],"execution":[85],"does":[86],"not":[87],"exhibit":[88],"different":[89],"behaviors":[90],"between":[91],"when":[92],"it":[93],"decodes":[94],"correctly":[95],"or":[96],"incorrectly.":[97],"paper":[99],"also":[100],"presents":[101],"analyses":[102],"techniques":[107],"discusses":[109],"potential":[110],"improvements.":[111],"We":[112],"implement":[113],"evaluate":[115],"proof":[117],"concept":[119],"approach,":[120],"our":[122],"preliminary":[123],"results":[124],"show":[125],"imposes":[130],"various":[131],"unique":[133],"challenges":[134],"technique.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
