{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205471381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","title":"Towards Exploring the Limitations of Active Learning: An Empirical Study","display_name":"Towards Exploring the Limitations of Active Learning: An Empirical Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205471381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","mag":"3205471381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608212","display_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48351","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406450","display_name":"Qiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023978917","display_name":"Yuejun Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejun Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000695937","display_name":"Maxime Cordy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-1358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Cordy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392071","display_name":"W. F. Mader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-998X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081145634","display_name":"Mike Papadakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1852-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Papadakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040574362","display_name":"Yves Le Traon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-4861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Le Traon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101406450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6336,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86988222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"917","last_page":"929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.821205735206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6563546061515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6413789391517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.617329478263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5754064917564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5669344663619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"Model selection","score":0.4878216087818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.46161067485809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4590974450111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4512766897678375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4288836121559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.41842329502105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39268431067466736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.821205735206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6563546061515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6413789391517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.617329478263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5754064917564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5669344663619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.4878216087818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.46161067485809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4590974450111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4512766897678375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4288836121559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.41842329502105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39268431067466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608212","display_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/48351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. (2021); The 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2021), from 15-11-2021 to 19-11-2021","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/48351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. (2021); The 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2021), from 15-11-2021 to 19-11-2021","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65194033","https://openalex.org/W991094393","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1968499222","https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W2004471480","https://openalex.org/W2011674654","https://openalex.org/W2014515160","https://openalex.org/W2075928395","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2129251351","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2169863116","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2408920689","https://openalex.org/W2495425901","https://openalex.org/W2550821151","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2625559849","https://openalex.org/W2755846764","https://openalex.org/W2767623047","https://openalex.org/W2774918944","https://openalex.org/W2785836523","https://openalex.org/W2788686132","https://openalex.org/W2798820905","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2895344848","https://openalex.org/W2897419880","https://openalex.org/W2903650079","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2949346385","https://openalex.org/W2951786554","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2962756933","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963696295","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964133280","https://openalex.org/W2964282813","https://openalex.org/W2964882141","https://openalex.org/W2968940383","https://openalex.org/W2979417040","https://openalex.org/W2988723074","https://openalex.org/W2997532515","https://openalex.org/W3000315285","https://openalex.org/W3005940936","https://openalex.org/W3090943961","https://openalex.org/W3091388282","https://openalex.org/W3100925971","https://openalex.org/W3102727295","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3120991880","https://openalex.org/W3124058431","https://openalex.org/W3130354627","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W3161493619","https://openalex.org/W3174492648","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W4206723194","https://openalex.org/W4230097545","https://openalex.org/W4252937853","https://openalex.org/W4394663350","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6723181079","https://openalex.org/W6735374517","https://openalex.org/W6739855493","https://openalex.org/W6745907806","https://openalex.org/W6747231328","https://openalex.org/W6748034479","https://openalex.org/W6748458661","https://openalex.org/W6755343430","https://openalex.org/W6763887731","https://openalex.org/W6770449242","https://openalex.org/W6782595193","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6864274290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3072584680","https://openalex.org/W3199675190","https://openalex.org/W4288952172","https://openalex.org/W4287686044","https://openalex.org/W3081595253","https://openalex.org/W4365420856","https://openalex.org/W3154024319","https://openalex.org/W4311734044","https://openalex.org/W2947600649","https://openalex.org/W4285322112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"are":[4,174],"increasingly":[5],"deployed":[6],"as":[7],"integral":[8],"parts":[9],"of":[10,33,89,97,100,129,161,186,201],"software":[11],"systems.":[12],"However,":[13,91],"due":[14],"to":[15,48,60,107,125,194],"the":[16,68,92,98,127,199,213],"complex":[17],"interconnections":[18],"among":[19],"hidden":[20],"layers":[21],"and":[22,44,119,148,156,192,207],"massive":[23],"hyperparameters,":[24],"DNNs":[25],"must":[26],"be":[27],"trained":[28],"using":[29,83],"a":[30,62,84,184,202],"large":[31],"number":[32],"labeled":[34],"inputs,":[35],"which":[36,104],"calls":[37],"for":[38,42,67,215],"extensive":[39,122],"human":[40],"effort":[41,206],"collecting":[43],"labeling":[45,158,205],"data.":[46,90],"Spontaneously,":[47],"alleviate":[49],"this":[50,113,117],"growing":[51],"demand,":[52],"multiple":[53,224],"state-of-the-art":[54],"studies":[55],"have":[56,74],"developed":[57],"different":[58,208],"metrics":[59,139,173,222],"select":[61],"small":[63,87],"yet":[64],"informative":[65],"dataset":[66],"model":[69,187,209],"training.":[70],"These":[71],"research":[72,217],"works":[73],"demonstrated":[75],"that":[76],"DNN":[77,154],"models":[78],"can":[79],"achieve":[80],"competitive":[81],"performance":[82],"carefully":[85],"selected":[86],"set":[88],"literature":[93],"lacks":[94],"proper":[95],"investigation":[96],"limitations":[99],"data":[101,130,137,163,171,220],"selection":[102,131,138,172,221],"metrics,":[103],"is":[105],"crucial":[106],"apply":[108],"them":[109],"in":[110,177,218],"practice.":[111],"In":[112],"paper,":[114],"we":[115,197],"fill":[116],"gap":[118],"conduct":[120],"an":[121],"empirical":[123],"study":[124,134],"explore":[126],"limits":[128],"metrics.":[132],"Our":[133,166],"involves":[135],"15":[136],"evaluated":[140],"over":[141],"5":[142],"datasets":[143],"(2":[144],"image":[145],"classification":[146,151],"tasks":[147],"3":[149],"text":[150],"tasks),":[152],"10":[153],"architectures,":[155],"20":[157],"budgets":[159],"(ratio":[160],"training":[162],"being":[164],"labeled).":[165],"findings":[167],"reveal":[168],"that,":[169],"while":[170],"usually":[175],"effective":[176],"producing":[178],"accurate":[179],"models,":[180],"they":[181],"may":[182],"induce":[183],"loss":[185],"robustness":[188],"(against":[189],"adversarial":[190],"examples)":[191],"resilience":[193],"compression.":[195],"Overall,":[196],"demonstrate":[198],"existence":[200],"trade-off":[203],"between":[204],"qualities.":[210],"This":[211],"paves":[212],"way":[214],"future":[216],"devising":[219],"considering":[223],"quality":[225],"criteria.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
