{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062705593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","title":"DC2: A framework for scalable, scope-bounded software verification","display_name":"DC2: A framework for scalable, scope-bounded software verification","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062705593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","mag":"2062705593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2011)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020028377","display_name":"Franjo Ivan\u010di\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franjo Ivancic","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085937852","display_name":"Gogul Balakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gogul Balakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041231710","display_name":"Aarti Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-9400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aarti Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs America, Princeton, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103106502","display_name":"Sriram Sankaranarayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriram Sankaranarayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, USA","Univ of Colorado/Boulder (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ of Colorado/Boulder (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104327386","display_name":"Naoto Maeda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoto Maeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069623482","display_name":"Hiroki Tokuoka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Tokuoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046172788","display_name":"Takashi Imoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Imoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054975274","display_name":"Yoshiaki Miyazaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiaki Miyazaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93753661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8134875297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6621571779251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5515215992927551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5421858429908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5013320446014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4925854802131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-verification","display_name":"Software verification","score":0.471521258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.46328988671302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfiability-modulo-theories","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","score":0.4608987867832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runtime-verification","display_name":"Runtime verification","score":0.41204580664634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40373629331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.3733424246311188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3689846396446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.30633309483528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.24203833937644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2238653600215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17752662301063538}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8134875297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6621571779251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5515215992927551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5421858429908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5013320446014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4925854802131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33054407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504747","display_name":"Software verification","level":5,"score":0.471521258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.46328988671302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.4608987867832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.41204580664634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40373629331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.3733424246311188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3689846396446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.30633309483528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.24203833937644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2238653600215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17752662301063538}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase.2011.6100046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2011)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101497066","https://openalex.org/W1507360212","https://openalex.org/W1545681762","https://openalex.org/W1605593319","https://openalex.org/W1787074469","https://openalex.org/W1993836075","https://openalex.org/W1998285060","https://openalex.org/W2009288822","https://openalex.org/W2013252208","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2058895276","https://openalex.org/W2074847015","https://openalex.org/W2081840025","https://openalex.org/W2107002931","https://openalex.org/W2109337044","https://openalex.org/W2111543139","https://openalex.org/W2119467398","https://openalex.org/W2129538349","https://openalex.org/W2133832333","https://openalex.org/W2135642703","https://openalex.org/W2137726309","https://openalex.org/W2142481893","https://openalex.org/W2158395308","https://openalex.org/W2162284942","https://openalex.org/W2170736936","https://openalex.org/W2295399529","https://openalex.org/W2987077139","https://openalex.org/W3196044867","https://openalex.org/W4235788944","https://openalex.org/W4242009960","https://openalex.org/W4242057943","https://openalex.org/W4256147943","https://openalex.org/W6630383692","https://openalex.org/W6632796942","https://openalex.org/W6638020115","https://openalex.org/W6676000179","https://openalex.org/W6679495168","https://openalex.org/W6683354071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2809618173","https://openalex.org/W3036403349","https://openalex.org/W1524612439","https://openalex.org/W1563456403","https://openalex.org/W1968510839","https://openalex.org/W1522369122","https://openalex.org/W2565061727","https://openalex.org/W2148966220","https://openalex.org/W2117425003","https://openalex.org/W2149352546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"model":[1],"checking":[2],"and":[3,36,87,104,110,133,151],"static":[4],"analysis":[5,61],"have":[6],"matured":[7],"over":[8,123],"the":[9,32,60,83,101,124,144],"last":[10],"decade,":[11],"enabling":[12],"their":[13],"use":[14],"in":[15,31,82,129],"automated":[16,72],"software":[17,153],"verification.":[18],"However,":[19],"lack":[20],"of":[21,34,42,70,85,108,146],"scalability":[22],"makes":[23],"these":[24,56],"tools":[25],"hard":[26],"to":[27,39,54,76,96,127],"apply.":[28],"Furthermore,":[29],"approximations":[30],"models":[33],"program":[35],"environment":[37],"lead":[38],"a":[40,49,68,117],"profusion":[41],"false":[43,113,135],"alarms.":[44,136],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"proposes":[47],"DC2,":[48],"verification":[50,102],"framework":[51],"using":[52],"scope-bounding":[53],"bridge":[55],"gaps.":[57],"DC2":[58,119,147],"splits":[59],"problem":[62],"into":[63],"manageable":[64],"parts,":[65],"relying":[66],"on":[67,148],"combination":[69],"three":[71],"techniques:":[73],"(a)":[74],"techniques":[75,92],"infer":[77,94],"useful":[78],"specifications":[79],"for":[80],"functions":[81],"form":[84],"pre-":[86,109],"post-conditions;":[88],"(b)":[89],"stub":[90],"inference":[91],"that":[93,142],"abstractions":[95],"replace":[97],"function":[98],"calls":[99],"beyond":[100],"scope;":[103],"(c)":[105],"automatic":[106],"refinement":[107],"post-conditions":[111],"from":[112],"alarms":[114],"identified":[115],"by":[116],"user.":[118],"enables":[120],"iterative":[121],"reasoning":[122],"calling":[125],"environment,":[126],"help":[128],"finding":[130],"non-trivial":[131],"bugs":[132],"fewer":[134],"We":[137],"present":[138],"an":[139],"experimental":[140],"evaluation":[141],"demonstrates":[143],"effectiveness":[145],"several":[149],"open-source":[150],"industrial":[152],"projects.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
