{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137928314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","title":"Fast multivariate signature generation in hardware: The case of rainbow","display_name":"Fast multivariate signature generation in hardware: The case of rainbow","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137928314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","mag":"2137928314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101191301","display_name":"Sundar Rajan Balasubramanian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sundar Balasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","Department of ECE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018527381","display_name":"Harold W. Carter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harold W. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","Department of ECE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046043197","display_name":"Andrey Bogdanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1449-3099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrey Bogdanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst-G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany","Horst Gortz Inst. for IT-Security, Ruhr-Univ., Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst-G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst Gortz Inst. for IT-Security, Ruhr-Univ., Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047549684","display_name":"Andy Rupp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-3633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Rupp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst-G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany","Horst Gortz Inst. for IT-Security, Ruhr-Univ., Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst-G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst Gortz Inst. for IT-Security, Ruhr-Univ., Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055357255","display_name":"J\u00edntai Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-7598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintai Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","Department of Mathematical Sciences , University of Cincinnati , OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences , University of Cincinnati , OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.3842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98129535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11435","display_name":"Polynomial and algebraic computation","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7492427825927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainbow","display_name":"Rainbow","score":0.6824503540992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6327904462814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4735369384288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4457988440990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.41563501954078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41248369216918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39253467321395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3645084500312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1789293885231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14449524879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10034701228141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06803995370864868}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7492427825927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776558979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052","display_name":"Rainbow","level":2,"score":0.6824503540992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6327904462814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4735369384288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4457988440990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41563501954078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41248369216918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39253467321395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3645084500312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1789293885231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14449524879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10034701228141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06803995370864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/asap.2008.4580149","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45373353","https://openalex.org/W1482481952","https://openalex.org/W1536729852","https://openalex.org/W1557126506","https://openalex.org/W1565795166","https://openalex.org/W1576414611","https://openalex.org/W1599760425","https://openalex.org/W1628272610","https://openalex.org/W2106948546","https://openalex.org/W2116370948","https://openalex.org/W2119883816","https://openalex.org/W2127115545","https://openalex.org/W2140577647","https://openalex.org/W2141143262","https://openalex.org/W2150548144","https://openalex.org/W2521247513","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6632073001","https://openalex.org/W6633293605","https://openalex.org/W6633886605","https://openalex.org/W6636735873","https://openalex.org/W7018817413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394414377","https://openalex.org/W2386551956","https://openalex.org/W2374811656","https://openalex.org/W2500362344","https://openalex.org/W1480985150","https://openalex.org/W2759102619","https://openalex.org/W223516324","https://openalex.org/W2228017700","https://openalex.org/W3199866004","https://openalex.org/W2019539023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,15,20,55],"time-area":[4],"efficient":[5,38],"hardware":[6,22],"architecture":[7],"for":[8],"the":[9,26],"multivariate":[10],"signature":[11,44],"scheme":[12],"Rainbow.":[13],"As":[14],"part":[16],"of":[17,25,47],"this":[18],"architecture,":[19],"high-performance":[21],"optimized":[23],"variant":[24],"well-known":[27],"Gaussian":[28],"elimination":[29],"over":[30],"GF(2":[31],"<sup":[32],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[33],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">l</sup>":[34],")":[35],"and":[36,53,79],"its":[37],"implementation":[39],"are":[40],"presented.":[41],"The":[42],"resulting":[43],"generation":[45],"core":[46],"Rainbow":[48,71],"requires":[49],"63,593":[50],"gate":[51],"equivalents":[52],"signs":[54],"message":[56],"in":[57],"just":[58],"804":[59],"clock":[60],"cycles":[61],"at":[62],"67":[63],"MHz":[64],"using":[65],"AMI":[66],"0.35\u03bcm":[67],"CMOS":[68],"technology.":[69],"Thus,":[70],"provides":[72],"significant":[73],"performance":[74],"improvements":[75],"compared":[76],"to":[77],"RSA":[78],"ECDSA.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}