{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388821030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315","title":"GAFormer: Wearable IMU-Based Human Activity Recognition with Gramian Angular Field and Transformer","display_name":"GAFormer: Wearable IMU-Based Human Activity Recognition with Gramian Angular Field and Transformer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388821030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667554","display_name":"Trung-Hieu Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-6959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung-Hieu Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","Dainam University, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dainam University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101269025","display_name":"Thai-Khanh Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thai-Khanh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062632199","display_name":"Trung Kien Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung-Kien Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","Military Information Technology Institute,Hanoi,Vietnam","Military Information Technology Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Information Technology Institute,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Information Technology Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101724817","display_name":"Thanh-Hai Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-3361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh-Hai Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","Military Information Technology Institute,Hanoi,Vietnam","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Information Technology Institute,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062890024","display_name":"Cuong Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0973-0889"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuong Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Posts and Telecom Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science,Hanoi,Vietnam","Department of Computer Science, Posts and Telecom Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posts and Telecom Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science,Hanoi,Vietnam","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Posts and Telecom Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59271287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"297","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.733151912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.703040361404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6225460171699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.5924964547157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5691537857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5616858601570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5584535002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49484533071517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-recognition","display_name":"Action recognition","score":0.4581510126590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4211474657058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4177926480770111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1764165163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09731724858283997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.733151912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.703040361404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6225460171699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.5924964547157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5691537857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5616858601570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5584535002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49484533071517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987834672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Action recognition","level":3,"score":0.4581510126590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4211474657058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4177926480770111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1764165163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09731724858283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012557818","https://openalex.org/W2096563948","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2542738961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2965479259","https://openalex.org/W2988019621","https://openalex.org/W3022222380","https://openalex.org/W3026863179","https://openalex.org/W3037210821","https://openalex.org/W3093478721","https://openalex.org/W3133837447","https://openalex.org/W3139646219","https://openalex.org/W3154008086","https://openalex.org/W3158057761","https://openalex.org/W3171087525","https://openalex.org/W3210766530","https://openalex.org/W4214843096","https://openalex.org/W4292981314","https://openalex.org/W4323864209","https://openalex.org/W4378194837","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6675357634","https://openalex.org/W6796931752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091018038","https://openalex.org/W3016838864","https://openalex.org/W3105278570","https://openalex.org/W2117913171","https://openalex.org/W2582769230","https://openalex.org/W1975325338","https://openalex.org/W3181401746","https://openalex.org/W4283332100","https://openalex.org/W4361193049","https://openalex.org/W2982423860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognizing":[0],"human":[1,72],"activities":[2],"(HAR)":[3],"from":[4,33,75,123],"wearable":[5,76],"motion":[6,77,179],"sensors":[7],"has":[8],"widely":[9],"practical":[10],"applications":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,29,102,119],"its":[14],"low":[15],"cost,":[16],"convenient":[17],"use,":[18],"and":[19,50,107,148,157,169,176],"scalability.":[20],"Plenty":[21],"of":[22,40,138,153],"works":[23],"utilize":[24],"1D":[25],"CNN":[26,42],"or":[27],"RNN":[28],"capture":[30,103],"temporal":[31,105],"information":[32],"time":[34],"series,":[35],"while":[36],"others":[37],"take":[38],"advantage":[39],"2D":[41],"architectures":[43],"that":[44,164],"can":[45],"effectively":[46],"handle":[47],"spatial":[48],"correlation,":[49],"distinctive":[51],"recognition":[52,59,74],"features,":[53],"which":[54,67,93],"are":[55],"really":[56],"useful":[57],"for":[58,71,178],"tasks.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"GAFormer,":[64],"a":[65,86,114,131,170],"method,":[66],"exploits":[68],"the":[69,81,95,104,110,136,151,166],"latter,":[70],"activity":[73],"sensors.":[78],"GAFormer":[79,140,162],"transforms":[80],"raw":[82],"IMU":[83],"data":[84],"into":[85],"Gramian":[87],"Angular":[88],"Difference":[89],"Field":[90],"(GADF)":[91],"image,":[92],"encodes":[94],"pair-wise":[96],"angles":[97],"between":[98],"different":[99],"sensor":[100,111],"readings":[101],"dynamics":[106],"relationships":[108],"among":[109],"measurements.":[112],"Next,":[113],"transformer":[115,133,171],"model":[116,172],"is":[117,141],"employed":[118],"extract":[120],"visual":[121],"features":[122],"GADF":[124,167],"images":[125],"effectively.":[126],"In":[127],"addition,":[128],"we":[129],"adapted":[130],"state-of-the-art":[132],"CoAtNet":[134],"as":[135],"backbone":[137],"GAFormer.":[139],"evaluated":[142],"over":[143],"two":[144],"published":[145],"datasets":[146],"C-MHAD":[147,156],"GesHome.":[149],"With":[150],"accuracies":[152],"98%":[154],"on":[155,159],"95.5%":[158],"GesHome\u2019s":[160],"subset,":[161],"demonstrates":[163],"combining":[165],"technique":[168],"could":[173],"be":[174],"feasible":[175],"promising":[177],"sensor-based":[180],"action":[181],"recognition.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
