{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058355729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","title":"Morphological normalization: A study of vowels for Mandarin and Japanese","display_name":"Morphological normalization: A study of vowels for Mandarin and Japanese","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058355729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","mag":"2058355729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410280","display_name":"Hong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027428789","display_name":"Jianguo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-9759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082286929","display_name":"Wenhuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhuan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shool of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","School of Computer Software, Tianjin University Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shool of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101779069","display_name":"Qiang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-980X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114218197","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxbmy32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China","Chinese Academy of Social Science , Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114218197"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Social Science , Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114218197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103957650","display_name":"Liang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017251198","display_name":"Jianwu Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwu Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Lab. of Cognitive Comput. & Applic., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100410280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6272,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75482048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocal-tract","display_name":"Vocal tract","score":0.8433406352996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7742412090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel","display_name":"Vowel","score":0.7059588432312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.6714408993721008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulator","display_name":"Articulator","score":0.6600003242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5243925452232361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thin-plate-spline","display_name":"Thin plate spline","score":0.5148174166679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-warping","display_name":"Image warping","score":0.487813264131546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4624744653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-normalization","display_name":"Spatial normalization","score":0.44649189710617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tongue","display_name":"Tongue","score":0.4286589026451111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4157596528530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35150018334388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontics","display_name":"Orthodontics","score":0.2736765742301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1993274688720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1254664659500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12102124094963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline-interpolation","display_name":"Spline interpolation","score":0.08403125405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.07009533047676086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47401133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748953","display_name":"Vocal tract","level":2,"score":0.8433406352996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7742412090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.7059588432312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.6714408993721008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443216","display_name":"Articulator","level":2,"score":0.6600003242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5243925452232361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93132110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7784288","display_name":"Thin plate spline","level":4,"score":0.5148174166679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.487813264131546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4624744653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116580362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878457","display_name":"Spatial normalization","level":3,"score":0.44649189710617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.4286589026451111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4157596528530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35150018334388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.2736765742301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1993274688720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1254664659500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12102124094963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31447003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545002","display_name":"Spline interpolation","level":3,"score":0.08403125405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.07009533047676086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589662389","https://openalex.org/W2023642063","https://openalex.org/W2024614295","https://openalex.org/W2062888779","https://openalex.org/W2128409098","https://openalex.org/W2136564202","https://openalex.org/W2155598194","https://openalex.org/W2403244466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975543744","https://openalex.org/W249497648","https://openalex.org/W2054764113","https://openalex.org/W1977591085","https://openalex.org/W2610531602","https://openalex.org/W3016242490","https://openalex.org/W2023238311","https://openalex.org/W2768275588","https://openalex.org/W97362564","https://openalex.org/W221373345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reducing":[0],"the":[1,59,69,93,100,127,154,158],"morphological":[2,138],"variances":[3,101],"of":[4,35,61,92],"vocal":[5,94],"tract":[6],"across":[7],"different":[8],"subjects":[9,42,103],"would":[10],"benefit":[11],"articulatory":[12,33,155],"data":[13,34,121],"analysis":[14],"and":[15,43,63,73,110,119],"modeling.":[16],"To":[17],"further":[18],"test":[19],"such":[20],"a":[21,24,89],"hypothesis":[22],"by":[23,50,67,88],"thin-plate":[25],"spline":[26],"warping":[27],"(TPS)":[28],"method,":[29],"this":[30],"study":[31],"used":[32],"/a,":[36],"i,":[37],"u/":[38],"from":[39],"3":[40,44,70],"Chinese":[41,62],"Japanese":[45,64],"subjects,":[46],"which":[47],"were":[48,65,85,104],"collected":[49],"Electromagnetic":[51],"Midsagittal":[52],"Articulographic":[53],"(EMMA)":[54],"system.":[55],"The":[56,79,96,113,149],"templates":[57],"for":[58],"normalization":[60],"obtained":[66],"averaging":[68],"subjects'":[71],"palates":[72],"tongue":[74],"shapes":[75],"in":[76,82,106,131],"each":[77,83],"group.":[78],"44":[80],"landmarks":[81],"template":[84],"then":[86],"defined":[87],"gridline":[90],"system":[91],"tract.":[95],"results":[97,151],"show":[98,152],"that":[99,123,132,153],"among":[102,140,157],"reduced":[105,136],"both":[107],"horizontal":[108],"direction":[109],"vertical":[111],"direction.":[112],"similar":[114],"vowel":[115,146],"structures":[116,147],"between":[117],"pre-":[118],"post-normalization":[120],"indicate":[122],"TPS":[124,133],"method":[125,130,134],"outperforms":[126],"traditional":[128],"palate-straighten":[129],"has":[135],"mid-sagittal":[137],"differences":[139,156],"speakers":[141],"while":[142],"keeping":[143],"their":[144,164],"individual":[145],"unchanged.":[148],"comparison":[150],"three":[159],"vowels":[160],"are":[161],"consistent":[162],"with":[163],"corresponding":[165],"acoustic":[166],"properties.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}