{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4364857892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310","title":"Lightweight and Efficient Hardware Implementation for Saber Using NTT Multiplication","display_name":"Lightweight and Efficient Hardware Implementation for Saber Using NTT Multiplication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4364857892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101751771","display_name":"Tianyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-9016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011952918","display_name":"Yijun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440896","display_name":"Dongsheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-1932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055800000","display_name":"Chenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023734605","display_name":"Weiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"601","last_page":"605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.8204367160797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548830509185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6411077976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5903115272521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.515733540058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5136281847953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.5116494297981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-rate","display_name":"Clock rate","score":0.5039119124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41832998394966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.4168988764286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.35515767335891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33635213971138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2951715588569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12898549437522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12305280566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10316303372383118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09208884835243225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.8204367160797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548830509185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6411077976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5903115272521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.515733540058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5136281847953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.5116494297981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178693496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911691","display_name":"Clock rate","level":3,"score":0.5039119124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41832998394966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4168988764286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.35515767335891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33635213971138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2951715588569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12898549437522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12305280566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10316303372383118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09208884835243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/apccas55924.2022.10090310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2920415198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022041,62134002,62104107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4275816715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20210287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W3011360178","https://openalex.org/W3023641472","https://openalex.org/W3115321329","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3135898413","https://openalex.org/W3159164431","https://openalex.org/W3202034119","https://openalex.org/W3212142976","https://openalex.org/W3214074647","https://openalex.org/W4210722209","https://openalex.org/W6803975782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106922437","https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4385956668","https://openalex.org/W2900895161","https://openalex.org/W4380838366","https://openalex.org/W2539884462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"Saber":[1],"is":[2,31,51,85,124],"no":[3],"longer":[4],"a":[5,80,105],"candidate":[6],"in":[7,87],"the":[8,12,43,52,60,73,88,97],"fourth":[9],"round":[10],"of":[11,15,45,59,99,126],"National":[13],"Institute":[14],"Standards":[16],"and":[17,27,35,47,55,79,95,110,120,123],"Technology":[18],"(NIST)":[19],"just-announced":[20],"post-quantum":[21],"cryptography":[22],"standardization":[23],"process,":[24],"Saber's":[25],"lightweight":[26],"high-speed":[28],"hardware":[29],"implementation":[30],"still":[32],"research":[33,62],"interest":[34],"could":[36],"be":[37],"applied":[38],"to":[39,92],"digital":[40],"signatures.":[41],"During":[42],"process":[44,91],"encryption":[46],"decryption,":[48],"polynomial":[49,89],"multiplication":[50,90],"most":[53],"time-consuming":[54],"resource-consuming":[56],"unit.":[57],"Most":[58],"previous":[61],"used":[63,86],"Toom-cook":[64],"or":[65],"Karatsuba":[66],"multiplication.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"use":[72],"saber-unfriendly":[74],"but":[75],"fast":[76],"NTT":[77],"multiplication,":[78],"switchable":[81],"butterfly":[82],"computing":[83],"unit":[84],"improve":[93],"speed":[94],"reduce":[96],"number":[98],"registers.":[100],"The":[101],"proposed":[102],"design":[103],"provides":[104],"good":[106],"balance":[107],"between":[108],"frequency":[109,129],"area":[111],"consumption":[112],"which":[113],"only":[114],"uses":[115],"2247":[116],"LUTs,":[117],"327":[118],"FFs,":[119],"6":[121],"DSPs":[122],"capable":[125],"high":[127],"clock":[128],"on":[130],"FPGAs":[131],"by":[132],"327MHz.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
