{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393178448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164","title":"Routing Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Key Distribution-secured Optical Networks","display_name":"Routing Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Key Distribution-secured Optical Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393178448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082178348","display_name":"Purva Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7945-7289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Purva Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Indore,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Indore,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050580025","display_name":"Vimal Bhatia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-6643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vimal Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Indore,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Indore,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113933311","display_name":"Shashi Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-1739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138272832","display_name":"Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/05c2p1f98","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138272832"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashi Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Devi Ahilya University,Institute of Engineering and Technology,Indore,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Devi Ahilya University,Institute of Engineering and Technology,Indore,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138272832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89199799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7660103440284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6487928032875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.606445848941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5840311646461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5516411662101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47436532378196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.40039101243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3856159448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26971638202667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26164090633392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08148449659347534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7660103440284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6487928032875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.606445848941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5840311646461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5516411662101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47436532378196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.40039101243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3856159448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26971638202667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26164090633392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08148449659347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607666149","https://openalex.org/W1988134541","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2082013727","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2765368473","https://openalex.org/W2765594570","https://openalex.org/W2800313743","https://openalex.org/W2887503391","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2911574640","https://openalex.org/W2944218141","https://openalex.org/W3000517916","https://openalex.org/W3005558247","https://openalex.org/W3009427305","https://openalex.org/W3009894564","https://openalex.org/W3010744336","https://openalex.org/W3032720104","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3115121581","https://openalex.org/W3117576978","https://openalex.org/W3128844582","https://openalex.org/W3134905652","https://openalex.org/W3194289915","https://openalex.org/W3217543845","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4382193485","https://openalex.org/W6654347880","https://openalex.org/W6741002519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313487304","https://openalex.org/W2314556459","https://openalex.org/W2736059005","https://openalex.org/W2071612327","https://openalex.org/W3102184394","https://openalex.org/W2039023320","https://openalex.org/W2952878011","https://openalex.org/W3006889293","https://openalex.org/W4293168356","https://openalex.org/W3196822321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routing":[0],"is":[1,38,104],"a":[2,23,39,73],"challenging":[3],"problem":[4],"in":[5,46,78,112],"quantum":[6],"key":[7,32],"distribution":[8],"(QKD)-secured":[9],"optical":[10],"networks":[11],"(QKD-ONs)":[12],"and":[13,87,129,143],"involves":[14],"the":[15,27,55,60,82,95,101,107,123,133,139],"selection":[16],"of":[17,57,100,114],"an":[18],"appropriate":[19],"route":[20],"that":[21,80,120],"establishes":[22],"secure":[24],"path":[25,127],"between":[26],"QKD":[28],"nodes":[29],"for":[30,42,76],"secret":[31],"distribution.":[33],"Deep":[34],"reinforcement":[35],"learning":[36],"(DRL)":[37],"promising":[40],"approach":[41],"solving":[43],"decision-making":[44],"problems":[45],"complex":[47],"networking":[48,96],"environments":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51],"QKD-ONs.":[52],"By":[53],"leveraging":[54],"capabilities":[56],"DRL":[58],"algorithms,":[59],"routing":[61,77,83,136],"decisions":[62],"can":[63],"be":[64],"optimized":[65],"to":[66,85,89,122],"enhance":[67],"network":[68,91],"performance.":[69],"This":[70],"paper":[71],"proposes":[72],"DRL-based":[74,135],"solution":[75],"QKD-ONs":[79],"enables":[81],"agent":[84],"learn":[86],"adapt":[88],"changing":[90],"conditions":[92],"by":[93,141],"understanding":[94],"environment.":[97],"The":[98],"performance":[99],"proposed":[102,134],"scheme":[103,137],"compared":[105,121],"with":[106],"baseline":[108,124],"schemes":[109,125],"on":[110],"NSFNET":[111],"terms":[113],"blocking":[115,140],"probability.":[116],"Simulation":[117],"results":[118],"indicate":[119],"(shortest":[126],"(SP)":[128],"hop":[130],"count":[131],"(HC)),":[132],"reduces":[138],"14.31%":[142],"8%,":[144],"respectively.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}