{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110375685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","title":"Multimodal 2D and 3D biometrics for face recognition","display_name":"Multimodal 2D and 3D biometrics for face recognition","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110375685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","mag":"2110375685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103384295","display_name":"Kao-Hua Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K.I. Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019673624","display_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.W. Bowyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039987576","display_name":"Patrick J. Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.J. Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Notre Dame Univ., IN (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103384295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8026,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99143073,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"187","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8595515489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7572735548019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6401454210281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6294503211975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5374133586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-data","display_name":"Biometric data","score":0.5150294303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49386197328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.47233501076698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4647575616836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24116095900535583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8595515489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7572735548019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6401454210281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6294503211975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5374133586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989513435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometric data","level":3,"score":0.5150294303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49386197328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.47233501076698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4647575616836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24116095900535583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/amfg.2003.1240842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.475.2323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.2323","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://visgraph.cs.ust.hk/biometrics/Papers/Multi_Modal/AMFG2003-01.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483218994","https://openalex.org/W1510601647","https://openalex.org/W1519435346","https://openalex.org/W1575210522","https://openalex.org/W1585192441","https://openalex.org/W1598554978","https://openalex.org/W1691275141","https://openalex.org/W1709036216","https://openalex.org/W1805888261","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2024677982","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2036231497","https://openalex.org/W2066633751","https://openalex.org/W2068723942","https://openalex.org/W2081734071","https://openalex.org/W2106108404","https://openalex.org/W2108301944","https://openalex.org/W2108619645","https://openalex.org/W2112687785","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2133673721","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2148680321","https://openalex.org/W2152492602","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2166163467","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2180187800","https://openalex.org/W2483194642","https://openalex.org/W6631147972","https://openalex.org/W6635698778","https://openalex.org/W6676035416","https://openalex.org/W6684875179","https://openalex.org/W6722006612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070951564","https://openalex.org/W4235304214","https://openalex.org/W2348616196","https://openalex.org/W1942112330","https://openalex.org/W2081577055","https://openalex.org/W2981192112","https://openalex.org/W4205513058","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W3183904581","https://openalex.org/W4206056428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Results":[0],"are":[1,48],"presented":[2,49],"for":[3,22,50,86,89,104,108],"the":[4,12,31,98],"largest":[5],"experimental":[6],"study":[7,34],"to":[8,35,66,115],"date":[9],"that":[10],"investigates":[11],"comparison":[13],"and":[14,18,42,52,62,73,88,106,118],"combination":[15],"of":[16,55,76,102,127],"2D":[17,61,87,105,117,136],"3D":[19,138],"face":[20],"data":[21],"biometric":[23],"recognition.":[24],"To":[25],"our":[26],"knowledge,":[27],"this":[28],"is":[29,130],"also":[30],"only":[32],"such":[33],"incorporate":[36],"significant":[37,95],"time":[38,69],"lapse":[39,70],"between":[40,71,97],"gallery":[41,51,72],"probe":[43,53,74],"image":[44],"acquisition.":[45],"Recognition":[46],"results":[47],"datasets":[54],"166":[56],"subjects":[57],"imaged":[58],"in":[59],"both":[60],"3D,":[63,90,119],"with":[64],"six":[65],"thirteen":[67],"weeks":[68],"images":[75],"a":[77,81,111,122],"given":[78],"subject.":[79],"Using":[80,110],"PCA-based":[82],"approach":[83,114],"tuned":[84],"separately":[85],"we":[91,120],"find":[92,121],"no":[93],"statistically":[94,131],"difference":[96],"rank-one":[99,124],"recognition":[100,125],"rates":[101],"83.1%":[103],"83.7%":[107],"3D.":[109],"certainty-weighted":[112],"sum-of-distance":[113],"combining":[116],"multimodal":[123],"rate":[126],"92.8%,":[128],"which":[129],"significantly":[132],"greater":[133],"than":[134],"either":[135],"or":[137],"alone.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}