{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140785949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022","title":"Gaze for Dyads &amp; Blinks for Triads: Task Engagement Predictors in Free-Flow VR Interactions","display_name":"Gaze for Dyads &amp; Blinks for Triads: Task Engagement Predictors in Free-Flow VR Interactions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140785949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103841974","display_name":"Carlos Gonz\u00e1lez D\u00edaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-7779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Gonzalez Diaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007232572","display_name":"Georgiana Cristina Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-9954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgiana Cristina Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056684559","display_name":"Elisabeth Andr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-162X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Andr\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,Augsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024712028","display_name":"Cristina Conati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Conati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia,Department of Computer Science,Vancouver,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia,Department of Computer Science,Vancouver,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103841974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90936984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"119","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.3763999938964844,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.3763999938964844,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.14090000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.2752000093460083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7002999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00022","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56078143","https://openalex.org/W1600099874","https://openalex.org/W1986244117","https://openalex.org/W2008816208","https://openalex.org/W2084980175","https://openalex.org/W2530114399","https://openalex.org/W2743920490","https://openalex.org/W2767388699","https://openalex.org/W2801931149","https://openalex.org/W2995603090","https://openalex.org/W3013357991","https://openalex.org/W3161981200","https://openalex.org/W3207177131","https://openalex.org/W4213271294","https://openalex.org/W4221020844","https://openalex.org/W4226366251","https://openalex.org/W4241995347","https://openalex.org/W4307407952","https://openalex.org/W4319944239","https://openalex.org/W4321442004","https://openalex.org/W4377078809","https://openalex.org/W4386051408","https://openalex.org/W4386895632","https://openalex.org/W4387031219","https://openalex.org/W4387299733","https://openalex.org/W4387439289","https://openalex.org/W4391064738","https://openalex.org/W4394685453","https://openalex.org/W4399871994","https://openalex.org/W4409762519","https://openalex.org/W4412158863","https://openalex.org/W4413968577"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"in":[3,10,26,37,54,76,98,127,141,152,216,231],"an":[4,43,85],"exploratory":[5,86,209],"manner":[6],"small":[7,78],"group":[8,79,120,203,214],"interactions":[9,215],"Social":[11,80,232],"VR":[12,81,217,233],"classroom":[13],"conversations":[14,100],"using":[15,114],"eye-tracking":[16,70,108],"data":[17,71,109],"(group":[18],"eye-gaze":[19,121],"configurations,":[20],"blink":[21,24,131,159],"rate":[22,132,160],"and":[23,156,218],"duration)":[25],"terms":[27],"of":[28,172,198,202],"task":[29,74,112,139,163,199],"engagement.":[30,63],"Task":[31],"engagement":[32,75,113,140,164,200,224],"has":[33],"been":[34],"previously":[35],"studied":[36],"educational":[38,77],"settings":[39],"as":[40,177,184],"it":[41,181],"is":[42],"important":[44],"construct":[45],"for":[46,226],"learning.":[47],"Prior":[48],"research":[49,66],"showed":[50],"that":[51,107,190],"eye":[52],"signals":[53],"groups":[55],"can":[56,72,193],"assess":[57],"rapport,":[58],"attention,":[59],"agreement":[60],"or":[61],"communication":[62],"However,":[64,119],"little":[65],"focused":[67],"on":[68,101,144,223],"whether":[69],"predict":[73,111],"conversations.":[82],"We":[83],"conducted":[84],"study":[87,210],"with":[88,138],"52":[89],"pedagogy":[90],"university":[91],"students":[92],"(8":[93],"dyads,":[94,128],"12":[95],"triads)":[96],"engaging":[97],"free-flow":[99],"a":[102,185],"given":[103],"topic.":[104],"Results":[105],"indicated":[106],"could":[110],"multiple":[115],"linear":[116],"regression":[117],"analysis.":[118],"configurations":[122,175],"were":[123],"the":[124,130,134,149,158,162,167,170],"significant":[125],"predictors":[126],"whereas":[129],"was":[133,161,182],"strongest":[135],"predictor":[136],"associated":[137],"triads.":[142],"Based":[143],"these":[145],"findings,":[146],"we":[147,188],"discuss":[148],"higher":[150],"complexity":[151],"triadic":[153],"gaze":[154,174],"dynamics":[155],"why":[157,180],"predictor.":[165,186],"On":[166],"other":[168],"hand,":[169],"simplicity":[171],"dyadic":[173],"might":[176],"well":[178],"explain":[179],"found":[183],"Furthermore,":[187],"argue":[189],"future":[191],"work":[192,222],"explore":[194],"machine":[195],"learning":[196],"detectors":[197],"dependent":[201],"size.":[204],"The":[205],"results":[206],"from":[207],"this":[208],"help":[211],"understanding":[212],"non-verbal":[213],"contribute":[219],"to":[220],"further":[221],"models":[225],"more":[227],"socially-abled":[228],"virtual":[229],"experiences":[230],"applications.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T06:11:35.319607","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}
