{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140373562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016","title":"SpatialTutor: Object-Aware Mixed Reality Training for Procedural Medical Skills Training with AI-Driven Support","display_name":"SpatialTutor: Object-Aware Mixed Reality Training for Procedural Medical Skills Training with AI-Driven Support","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140373562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122888376","display_name":"Duo Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Media, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Media, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130717912","display_name":"Jianwei Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130633302","display_name":"Yuhan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130642628","display_name":"Weiyu Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyu Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder,CO,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder,CO,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130634073","display_name":"Wenxuan Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxuan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060711959","display_name":"Shandra Jamison","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shandra Jamison","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035243243","display_name":"Mike Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6429-0233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Institute of Communications Research,Champaign,IL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Institute of Communications Research,Champaign,IL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030764040","display_name":"Caroline G. L. Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1982-6489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122888376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93635097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"57","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.504800021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.504800021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.18549999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.06769999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5878000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.260699987411499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5878000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.24420000612735748}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aixvr67263.2026.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6089689135551453,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969241382","https://openalex.org/W1972437039","https://openalex.org/W1975781548","https://openalex.org/W1976428933","https://openalex.org/W2047734197","https://openalex.org/W2061160788","https://openalex.org/W2066072696","https://openalex.org/W2075057776","https://openalex.org/W2092198053","https://openalex.org/W2099684700","https://openalex.org/W2099932701","https://openalex.org/W2100437926","https://openalex.org/W2118253784","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2162661914","https://openalex.org/W2276792342","https://openalex.org/W2572086525","https://openalex.org/W2593259116","https://openalex.org/W2761957138","https://openalex.org/W2783508626","https://openalex.org/W2809182772","https://openalex.org/W2981359420","https://openalex.org/W3040831932","https://openalex.org/W3135436616","https://openalex.org/W3135551080","https://openalex.org/W3173439346","https://openalex.org/W3185283109","https://openalex.org/W3203458854","https://openalex.org/W4226284132","https://openalex.org/W4243354616","https://openalex.org/W4309665408","https://openalex.org/W4309883803","https://openalex.org/W4379185283","https://openalex.org/W4385473809","https://openalex.org/W4389345414","https://openalex.org/W4392248104","https://openalex.org/W4396831883","https://openalex.org/W4399428470","https://openalex.org/W4399723281","https://openalex.org/W4400348041","https://openalex.org/W4407950046"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Procedural":[0],"medical":[1],"skills":[2],"are":[3],"difficult":[4],"to":[5,9,110],"teach":[6],"consistently":[7],"due":[8,109],"resource":[10],"constraints,":[11],"instructor":[12],"variability,":[13],"and":[14,45,48,67,75,90,92,113],"limited":[15,111],"feedback":[16],"in":[17,116,129],"traditional":[18],"manikin-based":[19,31],"training.":[20,131],"We":[21,57],"present":[22],"SpatialTutor,":[23],"a":[24,49,59],"mixed":[25],"reality":[26],"training":[27],"system":[28],"that":[29],"transforms":[30],"simulations":[32],"into":[33],"intelligent,":[34],"interactive":[35],"experiences":[36],"by":[37],"integrating":[38],"spatially":[39],"anchored":[40],"3D":[41],"animations,":[42],"real-time":[43],"object":[44],"hand":[46],"tracking,":[47],"large":[50],"language":[51],"model":[52],"(LLM)-powered":[53],"conversational":[54],"AI":[55,98,128],"assistant.":[56],"conducted":[58],"formative":[60],"study":[61],"with":[62,70,87],"experts":[63,71],"(<tex":[64,72,78],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[65,73,79],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{N}=8$</tex>)":[66],"an":[68],"evaluation":[69],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$N=5$</tex>)":[74],"novice":[76],"learners":[77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$N=10$</tex>).":[80],"Results":[81],"showed":[82],"high":[83],"usability,":[84],"strong":[85],"engagement":[86],"spatial":[88],"guidance":[89],"feedback,":[91],"increased":[93],"learner":[94],"confidence.":[95],"While":[96],"the":[97,122],"assistant":[99],"was":[100,107],"valued":[101],"for":[102,124],"offering":[103],"low-pressure":[104],"support,":[105],"it":[106],"underutilized":[108],"proactivity":[112],"social":[114],"discomfort":[115],"shared":[117],"settings.":[118],"These":[119],"findings":[120],"highlight":[121],"need":[123],"more":[125],"adaptive,":[126],"context-aware":[127],"MR":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T06:11:35.319607","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}