{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385482360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223","title":"Prediction Accuracy and Model Robustness of Neural Network-Based Ground Reaction Force Estimators","display_name":"Prediction Accuracy and Model Robustness of Neural Network-Based Ground Reaction Force Estimators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385482360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065214315","display_name":"Mohamed Abdelhady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-0211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155647","display_name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdelhady","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health Clinical,Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section,Rehabilitation Medicine Department,Bethesda,MD,USA,20892","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health Clinical,Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section,Rehabilitation Medicine Department,Bethesda,MD,USA,20892","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064743071","display_name":"Thomas C. Bulea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155647","display_name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas C. Bulea","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health Clinical,Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section,Rehabilitation Medicine Department,Bethesda,MD,USA,20892"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health Clinical,Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section,Rehabilitation Medicine Department,Bethesda,MD,USA,20892","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019527184","display_name":"Wael Abouelwafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-8014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89466785","display_name":"Minia University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hcv4z63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89466785"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Abouelwafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Minia University,Biomedical Engineering Department,Minia,Egypt","Biomedical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minia University,Biomedical Engineering Department,Minia,Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89466785"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89466785"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019862542","display_name":"Dan Simon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-4000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.,Cleveland,OH,USA,44115"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.,Cleveland,OH,USA,44115","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39180938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"609","last_page":"614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6581671237945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-reaction-force","display_name":"Ground reaction force","score":0.5954631567001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5760177969932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.562446653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.546974241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5407235026359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.5268248915672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.5207914710044861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5082061290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-autoregressive-exogenous-model","display_name":"Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model","score":0.4569357931613922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4520811438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3311411142349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3307964503765106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2748221158981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21207726001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.13619399070739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11904087662696838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08420246839523315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6581671237945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96332660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610971","display_name":"Ground reaction force","level":3,"score":0.5954631567001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5760177969932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.562446653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.546974241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5407235026359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.5268248915672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.5207914710044861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5082061290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42536954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049462","display_name":"Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model","level":3,"score":0.4569357931613922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4520811438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3311411142349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3307964503765106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2748221158981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21207726001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.13619399070739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11904087662696838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08420246839523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337376","display_name":"NIH Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498932870","https://openalex.org/W1535006160","https://openalex.org/W1985130317","https://openalex.org/W1993839883","https://openalex.org/W2041059566","https://openalex.org/W2042257784","https://openalex.org/W2045494141","https://openalex.org/W2047214286","https://openalex.org/W2058437981","https://openalex.org/W2088709281","https://openalex.org/W2090415544","https://openalex.org/W2100505659","https://openalex.org/W2101113449","https://openalex.org/W2103452139","https://openalex.org/W2104454795","https://openalex.org/W2118756059","https://openalex.org/W2124776405","https://openalex.org/W2133100699","https://openalex.org/W2138906212","https://openalex.org/W2139122335","https://openalex.org/W2142114107","https://openalex.org/W2154553161","https://openalex.org/W2159468916","https://openalex.org/W2183314856","https://openalex.org/W2612876124","https://openalex.org/W2759558238","https://openalex.org/W2790295149","https://openalex.org/W2798785803","https://openalex.org/W2811204027","https://openalex.org/W2907962624","https://openalex.org/W2963854515","https://openalex.org/W2966226054","https://openalex.org/W3008838724","https://openalex.org/W4210702638","https://openalex.org/W4315836341","https://openalex.org/W6675479133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606910468","https://openalex.org/W3116827148","https://openalex.org/W3120843198","https://openalex.org/W2799656149","https://openalex.org/W2154965898","https://openalex.org/W2036704594","https://openalex.org/W4226315710","https://openalex.org/W3083782034","https://openalex.org/W4287185323","https://openalex.org/W2995801509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground":[0],"reaction":[1],"force":[2],"(GRF)":[3],"is":[4,21,28,111,135],"a":[5,37,75,118,138],"potentially":[6],"useful":[7],"control":[8,144,207],"input":[9,66],"for":[10,59,194,202],"powered":[11,142,209],"lower":[12],"limb":[13],"prostheses":[14],"but":[15],"accurate":[16],"GRF":[17,35,109,134,161,193],"measurement":[18,149],"in":[19,106,117,137,162,191,197,206],"real-time":[20],"challenging.":[22],"The":[23,151],"objective":[24],"of":[25,40,91,101,131,140,148,177,208],"this":[26,60],"work":[27,85],"to":[29,33,125,159],"evaluate":[30],"the":[31,89,98,129,171,187],"ability":[32],"estimate":[34,160],"from":[36,123],"minimal":[38],"set":[39],"kinematic":[41],"inputs":[42],"(knee":[43],"and":[44,47,74,94],"ankle":[45],"angle":[46],"angular":[48],"velocities)":[49],"during":[50],"walking.":[51],"Three":[52],"artificial":[53],"neural":[54,71,80],"networks":[55],"(ANNs)":[56],"are":[57,157],"evaluated":[58,136],"purpose:":[61],"nonlinear":[62],"autoregression":[63],"with":[64,78,145,164,173],"exogenous":[65],"(NARX),":[67],"delayed":[68],"discrete":[69],"recurrent":[70],"network":[72,81],"(DDRNN),":[73],"self-organizing":[76],"map":[77],"feedforward":[79],"(SOM-FFNN).":[82],"Specifically,":[83],"our":[84],"focuses":[86],"on":[87,97],"investigating":[88],"impact":[90],"ANN":[92,104,132],"architecture":[93],"training/learning":[95],"algorithms":[96],"predication":[99],"accuracy":[100],"GRF.":[102],"First,":[103],"performance":[105,190],"open":[107],"loop":[108],"estimation":[110],"investigated":[112],"using":[113],"treadmill":[114],"walking":[115],"data":[116],"healthy":[119],"participant":[120],"at":[121],"speeds":[122],"0.79":[124],"1.9":[126],"m/s.":[127],"Next,":[128],"effect":[130],"estimated":[133],"simulation":[139],"closed-loop":[141,198],"prosthesis":[143],"three":[146],"levels":[147],"noise.":[150],"results":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154],"all":[155,181],"ANNs":[156],"able":[158],"open-loop":[163],"relatively":[165],"low":[166],"RMS,":[167],"although":[168],"SOM-FFNN":[169,184],"performed":[170],"best":[172],"an":[174],"average":[175],"RMS":[176],"4.85":[178],"N":[179],"across":[180],"gait":[182],"speeds.":[183],"also":[185],"showed":[186],"most":[188],"robust":[189],"estimating":[192],"trajectory":[195],"tracking":[196],"control,":[199],"providing":[200],"impetus":[201],"its":[203],"further":[204],"investigation":[205],"prostheses.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
