{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1524319929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","title":"QR-code based Localization for Indoor Mobile Robot with validation using a 3D optical tracking instrument","display_name":"QR-code based Localization for Indoor Mobile Robot with validation using a 3D optical tracking instrument","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1524319929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","mag":"1524319929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048438982","display_name":"Seok-Ju Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-3092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39965400","display_name":"Kettering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcspa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Ju Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036399652","display_name":"Girma Tewolde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-6231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39965400","display_name":"Kettering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcspa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girma Tewolde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068588817","display_name":"Jongil Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39965400","display_name":"Kettering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcspa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongil Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045732610","display_name":"Jaerock Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39965400","display_name":"Kettering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcspa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaerock Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048438982"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39965400"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6055,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84786796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"965","last_page":"970"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7508800625801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6984389424324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.6847455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6782611608505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.667698860168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.6460632085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6218773126602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.500140905380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.47120851278305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot-navigation","display_name":"Mobile robot navigation","score":0.4634177088737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-localization-and-mapping","display_name":"Simultaneous localization and mapping","score":0.4515839219093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.45078742504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.4419914484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41009145975112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-control","display_name":"Robot control","score":0.26443958282470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21181586384773254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7508800625801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6984389424324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.6847455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6782611608505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.667698860168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.6460632085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6218773126602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.500140905380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.47120851278305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26990112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887224","display_name":"Mobile robot navigation","level":5,"score":0.4634177088737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86369673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203659","display_name":"Simultaneous localization and mapping","level":4,"score":0.4515839219093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.45078742504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.4419914484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41009145975112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.26443958282470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21181586384773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aim.2015.7222664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187539745","https://openalex.org/W562790762","https://openalex.org/W2009855151","https://openalex.org/W2027314113","https://openalex.org/W2064994289","https://openalex.org/W2071881771","https://openalex.org/W2078621604","https://openalex.org/W2086633428","https://openalex.org/W2093871496","https://openalex.org/W2116191958","https://openalex.org/W2127480113","https://openalex.org/W2132504062","https://openalex.org/W2133674264","https://openalex.org/W2140113343","https://openalex.org/W2145864416","https://openalex.org/W2148747602","https://openalex.org/W2156243485","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6615845089","https://openalex.org/W6679798732","https://openalex.org/W6680760139","https://openalex.org/W6683055314","https://openalex.org/W6990182213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W1581933381","https://openalex.org/W2022354705","https://openalex.org/W3125437936","https://openalex.org/W2154978857","https://openalex.org/W4317438546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,157],"paper":[1,158],"addresses":[2],"effective":[3],"artificial":[4,34],"landmark":[5],"based":[6,165],"indoor":[7],"localization":[8,49,166],"technique":[9],"for":[10,36,146],"mobile":[11,64,134],"robotics":[12],"applications.":[13],"In":[14],"the":[15,23,28,42,63,71,74,78,82,89,93,98,105,114,118,122,126,133,149,154,163,169],"proposed":[16,155],"approach,":[17],"QR-codes":[18,90],"are":[19,31,53],"strategically":[20],"placed":[21],"in":[22,104,117,125,175],"operating":[24],"environment,":[25],"attached":[26],"to":[27,40,91,112,131],"ceiling;":[29],"they":[30],"used":[32,111,130,145],"as":[33],"landmarks":[35],"providing":[37],"reference":[38],"points":[39],"aid":[41],"robot":[43,48],"localization.":[44],"The":[45,84,100],"vision":[46],"processing,":[47],"and":[50,77,87,151,168],"navigation":[51],"tasks":[52],"all":[54],"carried":[55],"out":[56],"on":[57,62],"an":[58],"Android":[59],"Smartphone":[60,85],"mounted":[61],"robotic":[65],"platform;":[66],"by":[67],"taking":[68],"advantage":[69],"of":[70,81,97,107,148,153,162,172],"computational":[72],"power,":[73],"built-in":[75],"sensing,":[76],"communication":[79],"capabilities":[80],"Smartphone.":[83],"detects":[86],"recognizes":[88],"calculate":[92,132],"approximate":[94],"global":[95],"location":[96],"robot.":[99],"pixel":[101],"coordinate":[102],"information":[103],"image":[106,127],"QR-code":[108,123,164],"is":[109,129,144],"also":[110],"enhance":[113],"position":[115],"estimate":[116],"real-world":[119],"environment.":[120,177],"Furthermore,":[121],"orientation":[124],"view":[128],"robot's":[135],"heading":[136],"direction.":[137],"An":[138],"NDI":[139],"3D":[140],"optical":[141],"tracking":[142],"instrument":[143],"validation":[147],"effectiveness":[150],"feasibility":[152],"method.":[156],"demonstrates":[159],"successful":[160],"implementation":[161],"strategy":[167],"experimental":[170],"evaluation":[171],"its":[173],"performance":[174],"actual":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
