{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910866894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","title":"Automatic Extraction of Equations in Medieval Arabic Algebra","display_name":"Automatic Extraction of Equations in Medieval Arabic Algebra","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910866894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","mag":"2910866894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/ACS 15th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045857421","display_name":"Hadj Mohammed Djamel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157169809","display_name":"University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene","ror":"https://ror.org/02kb89c09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157169809"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192268740","display_name":"University of Algiers Benyoucef Benkhedda","ror":"https://ror.org/011r6gp69","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192268740"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadj Mohammed Djamel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, USTHB University, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, USTHB University, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192268740","https://openalex.org/I157169809"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012099817","display_name":"Nac\u00e9ra Bensaou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157169809","display_name":"University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene","ror":"https://ror.org/02kb89c09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157169809"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192268740","display_name":"University of Algiers Benyoucef Benkhedda","ror":"https://ror.org/011r6gp69","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192268740"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nacera Bensaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, USTHB University, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, USTHB University, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192268740","https://openalex.org/I157169809"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21426428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1817","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6726498603820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-computation","display_name":"Symbolic computation","score":0.5305060744285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.48339810967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quintic-function","display_name":"Quintic function","score":0.4778013825416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.47156116366386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.4623182415962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4289487898349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3954973518848419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3550368845462799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2494838535785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24781939387321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.12865996360778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1162935197353363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.09036678075790405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6726498603820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110812573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175515","display_name":"Symbolic computation","level":2,"score":0.5305060744285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.48339810967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124966035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33104507","display_name":"Quintic function","level":3,"score":0.4778013825416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.47156116366386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4623182415962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4289487898349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3954973518848419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3550368845462799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2494838535785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24781939387321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.12865996360778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1162935197353363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.09036678075790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/ACS 15th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060319061","https://openalex.org/W2070877738","https://openalex.org/W2105717194","https://openalex.org/W2123229947","https://openalex.org/W2175619924","https://openalex.org/W2186215327","https://openalex.org/W2250701144","https://openalex.org/W2251349042","https://openalex.org/W2251935656","https://openalex.org/W2510828927","https://openalex.org/W2751448157","https://openalex.org/W2964284687","https://openalex.org/W4300069332","https://openalex.org/W6685272188","https://openalex.org/W6691843663","https://openalex.org/W6808808669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254786939","https://openalex.org/W4238758668","https://openalex.org/W4302555561","https://openalex.org/W4310230578","https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2329304151","https://openalex.org/W1515531705","https://openalex.org/W2910530413","https://openalex.org/W4226075649","https://openalex.org/W1639321716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,58],"medieval":[1,75,99],"Arabic,":[2],"no":[3,45,120],"symbols":[4],"are":[5,17],"used":[6,18],"to":[7,19,51,97,102,113,129],"express":[8],"mathematical":[9,21,70],"problems":[10],"and":[11,31,55,140,146],"solutions.":[12],"Instead,":[13],"specific":[14],"Arabic":[15,76],"terms":[16],"describe":[20,81],"processes.":[22],"Nevertheless,":[23],"a":[24,82,103,108],"close":[25],"examination":[26],"of":[27,65],"the":[28,42,53,63],"text":[29],"styles":[30],"how":[32],"information":[33],"is":[34,119],"encoded":[35],"into":[36],"natural":[37,73],"language":[38,74],"phrases":[39],"reveals":[40],"that":[41],"notations":[43],"contain":[44],"ambiguity,":[46],"which":[47],"makes":[48],"it":[49],"possible":[50],"formulate":[52],"problem":[54],"solve":[56],"it.":[57],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"explore":[62],"idea":[64],"automatically":[66],"generating":[67],"modern":[68,104],"symbolic":[69],"equations":[71,136,143],"from":[72,111],"Algebra":[77],"texts.":[78],"We":[79,106],"will":[80],"simple":[83],"machine":[84],"translation":[85,132],"system":[86,126],"using":[87],"Rule-based":[88],"Machine":[89],"Translation":[90],"(MT)":[91],"with":[92,137,144],"Dictionary":[93],"Approach":[94],"in":[95],"order":[96],"translate":[98],"verbal":[100],"equation":[101],"equation.":[105],"construct":[107],"new":[109],"dataset":[110],"scratch":[112],"facilitate":[114],"our":[115],"study,":[116],"as":[117],"there":[118],"previously":[121],"published":[122],"similar":[123],"dataset.":[124],"Our":[125],"was":[127],"able":[128],"achieve":[130],"correct":[131],"results":[133],"for":[134],"cubic":[135],"100%":[138],"accuracy,":[139],"quartic,":[141],"quintic":[142],"96.66%":[145],"94.01%,":[147],"respectively.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}