{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383501656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668","title":"An Integrated CPU-GPU Frequency Scaling Governor Based on Deep Recurrent Q-Network for Partially Observable Rendering Applications","display_name":"An Integrated CPU-GPU Frequency Scaling Governor Based on Deep Recurrent Q-Network for Partially Observable Rendering Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383501656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104020336","display_name":"Qinxin Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinxin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024722161","display_name":"Yang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9525-2096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721585","display_name":"Wenkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-4875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104020336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58919127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8125771284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-scaling","display_name":"Frequency scaling","score":0.759042501449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7214937806129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governor","display_name":"Governor","score":0.7067623138427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.6157546043395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.556511402130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-management","display_name":"Power management","score":0.44302240014076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-processing-unit","display_name":"Central processing unit","score":0.4237607419490814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4190685749053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4174695312976837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3509138822555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27388495206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.24743011593818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2421424388885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2276294231414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1663910150527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09925168752670288}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8125771284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157742956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237776","display_name":"Frequency scaling","level":3,"score":0.759042501449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7214937806129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781233147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229617","display_name":"Governor","level":2,"score":0.7067623138427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.6157546043395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.556511402130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.44302240014076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4237607419490814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4190685749053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4174695312976837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3509138822555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27388495206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.24743011593818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2421424388885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2276294231414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1663910150527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09925168752670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W115883071","https://openalex.org/W2082581695","https://openalex.org/W2121092017","https://openalex.org/W2131928121","https://openalex.org/W2134568800","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2588558848","https://openalex.org/W2588639299","https://openalex.org/W2613370555","https://openalex.org/W2766163430","https://openalex.org/W3035372087","https://openalex.org/W3174119208","https://openalex.org/W4232969134","https://openalex.org/W6677939520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967088250","https://openalex.org/W2342710299","https://openalex.org/W3003444660","https://openalex.org/W2144034023","https://openalex.org/W2167717279","https://openalex.org/W4245552802","https://openalex.org/W2135721350","https://openalex.org/W2981984048","https://openalex.org/W2082581695","https://openalex.org/W79358250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"voltage":[1],"and":[2,14,33,134],"frequency":[3],"scaling":[4],"(DVFS)":[5],"is":[6,58,85,96],"an":[7,118],"effective":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,61,120],"balance":[11],"the":[12,18,55,105,113],"performance":[13],"power":[15,48],"consumption":[16],"of":[17,36,64],"CPU-GPU-based":[19],"video":[20],"rendering":[21,83],"applications.":[22],"Operating":[23],"System":[24],"(OS)":[25],"based":[26,79],"DVFS":[27,80],"governors":[28,133],"are":[29],"general":[30],"in":[31,71,98,123],"nature":[32],"thus":[34],"lack":[35],"regulation":[37,56,137],"effectiveness":[38],"for":[39,51,82],"workload":[40],"with":[41,110,130,140],"different":[42],"characteristics.":[43],"Reinforcement":[44],"learning":[45],"(RL)":[46],"enhances":[47],"management":[49],"ability":[50],"application-specific":[52],"DVFS,":[53],"whereas":[54],"robustness":[57],"limited":[59],"due":[60],"partial":[62],"observability":[63],"complex":[65],"SoCs.":[66],"To":[67],"mitigate":[68],"this":[69,72],"issue,":[70],"paper,":[73],"a":[74,88,99],"deep":[75],"recurrent":[76,89],"Q-Network":[77,101],"(DRQN)":[78],"governor":[81],"applications":[84],"proposed":[86,114],"where":[87],"neural":[90],"network":[91],"(RNN)":[92],"exploiting":[93],"historical":[94],"information":[95],"embedded":[97],"Deep":[100],"(DQN).":[102],"Evaluated":[103],"on":[104],"Nvidia":[106],"Jetson":[107],"NX":[108],"platform":[109],"various":[111],"settings,":[112],"DRQN":[115],"policy":[116],"achieves":[117],"up":[119],"\u00d72.11":[121],"improvement":[122],"Valid":[124],"Performance":[125],"Per":[126],"Watt":[127],"(VPPW)":[128],"compared":[129,139],"Linux":[131],"default":[132],"shows":[135],"superior":[136],"stability":[138],"other":[141],"RL-based":[142],"state-of-the-art.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}