{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383501767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588","title":"Securing Decision Tree Inference Using Order-Preserving Cryptography","display_name":"Securing Decision Tree Inference Using Order-Preserving Cryptography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383501767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068963284","display_name":"Rupesh Raj Karn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-4457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rupesh Raj Karn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037601916","display_name":"Kashif Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3887-7364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashif Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Innovation Institute,Cryptography Research Center,Abu Dhabi,UAE","Cryptography Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute,Cryptography Research Center,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cryptography Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048725993","display_name":"Ibrahim M. Elfadel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-9987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Abe M. Elfadel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068963284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87457104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7303272485733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6077329516410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","score":0.6020005941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5703133344650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice-and-bob","display_name":"Alice and Bob","score":0.5474148988723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5470210313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.4768472909927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.45227062702178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.44773736596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.39293748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36995527148246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34551578760147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2706511318683624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2169669270515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12065166234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10025456547737122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7303272485733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6077329516410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778222013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136926","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6020005941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5703133344650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649676","display_name":"Alice and Bob","level":3,"score":0.5474148988723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5470210313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.4768472909927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.45227062702178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.44773736596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39293748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36995527148246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34551578760147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2706511318683624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2169669270515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12065166234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10025456547737122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1895952394","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2154496743","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2799040448","https://openalex.org/W2801491268","https://openalex.org/W2889495953","https://openalex.org/W2954220898","https://openalex.org/W2974369860","https://openalex.org/W2975872354","https://openalex.org/W2998348615","https://openalex.org/W3004963134","https://openalex.org/W3033311948","https://openalex.org/W3091981310","https://openalex.org/W3092436882","https://openalex.org/W3098984841","https://openalex.org/W3109153185","https://openalex.org/W3195976712","https://openalex.org/W4308654840","https://openalex.org/W4320068292","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6849410019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232165261","https://openalex.org/W2136735429","https://openalex.org/W170547082","https://openalex.org/W4251817561","https://openalex.org/W2079676826","https://openalex.org/W1765977934","https://openalex.org/W2066842693","https://openalex.org/W4238337057","https://openalex.org/W2315316137","https://openalex.org/W1548585588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,92],"machine":[1,130],"learning":[2],"(ML)":[3],"inference,":[4,46],"two":[5],"parties,":[6],"Alice":[7,16,64,105],"and":[8,65,106,141],"Bob,":[9,34],"are":[10],"engaged":[11],"in":[12,78,116],"a":[13,21],"transaction":[14],"where":[15],"is":[17,102,137],"the":[18,56,75,84,89,133,151],"owner":[19],"of":[20,60,132],"decision":[22,85,117,135],"tree":[23,86,118,136],"model":[24,44,87],"but":[25,47],"does":[26,48],"not":[27,49],"want":[28,50],"to":[29,33,41,51,68,112],"reveal":[30,52],"its":[31],"parameters":[32],"who":[35],"has":[36],"private":[37,90],"data.":[38,54,91],"Bob":[39,66],"wants":[40],"use":[42,69],"Alice\u2019s":[43],"for":[45,73,139],"his":[53],"Knowing":[55],"heavy":[57],"computational":[58],"cost":[59],"fully":[61],"homomorphic":[62],"encryption,":[63],"agree":[67],"order-preserving":[70],"encryption":[71],"(OPE)":[72],"running":[74],"inference":[76,119],"engine":[77],"full":[79,114],"confidence":[80],"without":[81],"revealing":[82],"either":[83],"or":[88],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"we":[95,109],"describe":[96],"how":[97,111],"such":[98],"an":[99,121,125,145],"OPE":[100,126],"computation":[101],"established":[103],"between":[104],"Bob.":[107],"Specifically,":[108],"demonstrate":[110],"secure":[113],"confidentiality":[115],"on":[120,144],"FPGA":[122,149],"accelerator":[123],"embodying":[124],"protocol.":[127],"A":[128],"finite-state":[129],"design":[131],"encrypted":[134],"evaluated":[138],"throughput":[140],"resource":[142],"utilization":[143],"Intel":[146],"Cyclone":[147],"V":[148],"using":[150],"MNIST":[152],"dataset.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}