{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294691366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963","title":"Biologically-inspired training of spiking recurrent neural networks with neuromorphic hardware","display_name":"Biologically-inspired training of spiking recurrent neural networks with neuromorphic hardware","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294691366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608281","display_name":"2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110692394","display_name":"Thomas Bohnstingl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["AT","CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Bohnstingl","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Zurich","Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology","IBM Research, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022222901","display_name":"Anja Surina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anja Surina","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Zurich","Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","IBM Research, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108137029","display_name":"Maxime Fabre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-6486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Fabre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Zurich","IBM Research, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082718233","display_name":"Yi\u011fit Demira\u011f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yigit Demirag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053902946","display_name":"Charlotte Frenkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-0288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Frenkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025696765","display_name":"Melika Payvand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-067X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melika Payvand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060241952","display_name":"Giacomo Indiveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7109-1689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Indiveri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024779827","display_name":"Angeliki Pantazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-4038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angeliki Pantazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Zurich","IBM Research, Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110692394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89039039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"218","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.8525647521018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8505066633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7257443070411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5519711375236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5450324416160583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.45499783754348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4325759708881378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.42693349719047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3538934290409088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3320459723472595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.8525647521018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8505066633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7257443070411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5519711375236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5450324416160583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45499783754348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4325759708881378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.42693349719047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3538934290409088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3320459723472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas54282.2022.9869963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608281","display_name":"2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:231298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bohnstingl, Thomas; Surina, Anja; Fabre, Maxime; Demirag, Yigit; Frenkel, Charlotte; Payvand, Melika; Indiveri, Giacomo; Pantazi, Angeliki  (2022). Biologically-inspired training of spiking recurrent neural networks with neuromorphic hardware.  In: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS), Incheon, Korea, Republic of, 13 June 2022 - 15 June 2022, IEEE.","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-231298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-231298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:231298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bohnstingl, Thomas; Surina, Anja; Fabre, Maxime; Demirag, Yigit; Frenkel, Charlotte; Payvand, Melika; Indiveri, Giacomo; Pantazi, Angeliki  (2022). Biologically-inspired training of spiking recurrent neural networks with neuromorphic hardware.  In: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS), Incheon, Korea, Republic of, 13 June 2022 - 15 June 2022, IEEE.","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G658815247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20CH21_186999/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2016574277","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2552737632","https://openalex.org/W2621969480","https://openalex.org/W2889448077","https://openalex.org/W2897686304","https://openalex.org/W2945427955","https://openalex.org/W2978368159","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3035400263","https://openalex.org/W3043133474","https://openalex.org/W3157181313","https://openalex.org/W3192004310","https://openalex.org/W4210530509","https://openalex.org/W4220741568","https://openalex.org/W4287705823","https://openalex.org/W4298355310","https://openalex.org/W6749922295","https://openalex.org/W6781266210","https://openalex.org/W6799649614","https://openalex.org/W6820642102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306295112","https://openalex.org/W4312445171","https://openalex.org/W4229054264","https://openalex.org/W4306160827","https://openalex.org/W4386227293","https://openalex.org/W3214713078","https://openalex.org/W3161396968","https://openalex.org/W4287827971","https://openalex.org/W3035675397","https://openalex.org/W3196005178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recurrent":[0],"spiking":[1],"neural":[2,44],"networks":[3,45],"(SNNs)":[4],"are":[5,108],"inspired":[6],"by":[7],"the":[8,24,62,78,93,129,181,214,263,271],"working":[9],"principles":[10],"of":[11,59,117,132,170,213,226,274],"biological":[12],"nervous":[13],"systems":[14],"that":[15,127,242],"offer":[16],"unique":[17],"temporal":[18],"dynamics":[19],"and":[20,69,80,134,149,160,168,194,211,222,251,269],"event-based":[21],"processing.":[22],"Recently,":[23],"error":[25],"backpropagation":[26],"through":[27],"time":[28],"(BPTT)":[29],"algorithm":[30,152],"has":[31,52],"been":[32],"successfully":[33],"employed":[34],"to":[35,42,66,86,164,208,248,255],"train":[36],"SNNs":[37,60,118],"offline,":[38],"with":[39,154,189,206,235,265],"comparable":[40],"performance":[41,254],"artificial":[43],"(ANNs)":[46],"on":[47,184],"complex":[48],"tasks.":[49],"However,":[50],"BPTT":[51,76],"severe":[53],"limitations":[54],"for":[55,91],"online":[56,150,266],"learning":[57],"scenarios":[58],"where":[61],"network":[63],"is":[64,245],"required":[65],"simultaneously":[67,261],"process":[68],"learn":[70],"from":[71,122],"incoming":[72],"data.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"as":[75],"separates":[77],"inference":[79,167],"update":[81],"phases,":[82],"it":[83,196],"would":[84],"require":[85],"store":[87],"all":[88],"neuronal":[89],"states":[90],"calculating":[92],"weight":[94],"updates":[95],"backwards":[96],"in":[97,231],"time.":[98],"To":[99,176],"address":[100],"these":[101],"fundamental":[102],"issues,":[103],"alternative":[104],"credit":[105],"assignment":[106],"schemes":[107],"required.":[109],"Within":[110],"this":[111,142],"context,":[112],"neuromorphic":[113],"hardware":[114],"(NMHW)":[115],"implementations":[116],"can":[119],"greatly":[120],"benefit":[121],"in-memory":[123,186,227],"computing":[124,187,228],"(IMC)":[125],"concepts":[126],"follow":[128],"brain-inspired":[130],"collocation":[131],"memory":[133,191],"processing,":[135],"further":[136],"enhancing":[137],"their":[138],"energy":[139],"efficiency.":[140],"In":[141],"work,":[143],"we":[144,179],"utilize":[145],"a":[146,171,198,218,223,256],"biologically-inspired":[147],"local":[148],"training":[151,169,200,267],"compatible":[153],"IMC,":[155],"which":[156],"approximates":[157],"BPTT,":[158],"e-prop,":[159],"present":[161],"an":[162,185],"approach":[163,205,244],"support":[165],"both":[166],"recurrent":[172],"SNN":[173,182,264],"using":[174,217],"NMHW.":[175,275],"do":[177],"so,":[178],"embed":[180],"weights":[183],"NMHW":[188,224],"phase-change":[190],"(PCM)":[192],"devices":[193,216],"integrate":[195],"into":[197],"hardware-in-the-loop":[199],"setup.":[201],"We":[202,240],"develop":[203],"our":[204,243],"respect":[207],"limited":[209],"precision":[210,250],"imperfections":[212],"analog":[215],"PCM-based":[219],"simulation":[220],"framework":[221],"consisting":[225],"cores":[229],"fabricated":[230],"14nm":[232],"CMOS":[233],"technology":[234],"256\u00d7256":[236],"PCM":[237],"crossbar":[238],"arrays.":[239],"demonstrate":[241],"robust":[246],"even":[247],"4-bit":[249],"achieves":[252],"competitive":[253],"floating-point":[257],"32-bit":[258],"realization,":[259],"while":[260],"equipping":[262],"capabilities":[268],"exploiting":[270],"acceleration":[272],"benefits":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
