{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176615306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","title":"Evaluation of Machine Learning-based Detection against Side-Channel Attacks on Autonomous Vehicle","display_name":"Evaluation of Machine Learning-based Detection against Side-Channel Attacks on Autonomous Vehicle","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176615306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","mag":"3176615306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452641","display_name":"Han Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-9903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016438213","display_name":"Soheil Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-8795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soheil Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080844858","display_name":"Hossein Sayadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-0145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59897056","display_name":"California State University, Long Beach","ror":"https://ror.org/0080fxk18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Sayadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University at Long Beach"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University at Long Beach","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084010501","display_name":"Tinoosh Mohsenin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-2124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tinoosh Mohsenin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland at Baltimore County"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland at Baltimore County","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110449371","display_name":"P Manoj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P D Sai Manoj","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103033046","display_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100452641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78463999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7943626642227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6810497045516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5293676853179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.505327045917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.459244042634964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xeon","display_name":"Xeon","score":0.45687970519065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.4518612325191498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4484027028083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4473664462566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c4.5-algorithm","display_name":"C4.5 algorithm","score":0.4196363389492035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41789472103118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36762696504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2657619118690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2141854166984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.18828943371772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1817823350429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.13524076342582703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7943626642227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6810497045516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5293676853179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.505327045917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.459244042634964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145108525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656154","display_name":"Xeon","level":2,"score":0.45687970519065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.4518612325191498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4484027028083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4473664462566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52003472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022655","display_name":"C4.5 algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4196363389492035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41789472103118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36762696504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2657619118690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2141854166984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.18828943371772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1817823350429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.13524076342582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aicas51828.2021.9458488","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1504992226","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1973876344","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2121806728","https://openalex.org/W2137453738","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2404189583","https://openalex.org/W2505763307","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W3045670632","https://openalex.org/W3048511759","https://openalex.org/W3116954090","https://openalex.org/W3130686357","https://openalex.org/W4241773843","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6628261430","https://openalex.org/W6675887568","https://openalex.org/W6781591687","https://openalex.org/W6787883153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W125190552","https://openalex.org/W3116127582","https://openalex.org/W4381325288","https://openalex.org/W3177133878","https://openalex.org/W3096006032","https://openalex.org/W2887207835","https://openalex.org/W2756012949","https://openalex.org/W2611637474","https://openalex.org/W2335837697","https://openalex.org/W2805939454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1],"are":[2,126],"becoming":[3],"increasingly":[4],"popular,":[5],"but":[6],"their":[7],"reliance":[8],"on":[9,70,151],"computer":[10,53],"systems":[11,88],"to":[12,51,61],"sense":[13],"and":[14,82,132,135,143],"operate":[15],"in":[16,89,113,137],"the":[17,43,79,95,146,168],"physical":[18],"world":[19],"has":[20],"introduced":[21],"new":[22],"security":[23],"risks.":[24],"Recent":[25],"studies":[26],"have":[27],"shown":[28],"that":[29,162],"using":[30],"Cache-based":[31],"Side-Channel":[32],"Attacks":[33],"(SCAs)":[34],"could":[35],"infer":[36],"sensitive":[37],"users'":[38],"information":[39,104],"(e.g.,":[40],"which":[41,155],"route":[42],"user":[44],"is":[45,59],"taking)":[46],"highlighting":[47],"significant":[48],"vulnerability":[49],"posed":[50],"today's":[52],"systems.":[54,73,117],"As":[55],"a":[56],"result,":[57],"it":[58],"crucial":[60],"propose":[62],"effective":[63],"detection":[64,131,140],"mechanisms":[65],"against":[66],"emerging":[67],"microarchitectural":[68],"SCAs":[69,130],"autonomous":[71,86,115,157],"driving":[72,87,158],"In":[74],"response,":[75],"we":[76,93],"first":[77],"identify":[78],"threat":[80],"model":[81],"victim":[83],"applications":[84],"of":[85,97,139,145],"this":[90,119],"work.":[91],"Next,":[92],"explore":[94],"suitability":[96],"various":[98,121],"machine":[99,123],"learning-based":[100],"classifiers":[101],"trained":[102],"by":[103],"collected":[105],"from":[106],"built-in":[107],"hardware":[108],"performance":[109],"counter":[110],"registers":[111],"available":[112],"modern":[114],"vehicle":[116],"To":[118],"end,":[120],"supervised":[122],"learning":[124],"models":[125],"implemented":[127],"for":[128],"cache-based":[129],"precisely":[133],"compared":[134,171],"characterized":[136],"terms":[138],"accuracy,":[141],"robustness,":[142],"latency":[144],"detection.":[147],"Our":[148],"experiments":[149],"conducted":[150],"an":[152],"Intel":[153],"Xeon,":[154],"Waymo":[156],"vendor":[159],"uses,":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"J48":[163],"achieves":[164],"99.5%":[165],"accuracy":[166],"with":[167,172],"highest":[169],"efficiency":[170],"other":[173],"investigated":[174],"models.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}