{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122522028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","title":"FPGA implementation of K-means algorithm for bioinformatics application: An accelerated approach to clustering Microarray data","display_name":"FPGA implementation of K-means algorithm for bioinformatics application: An accelerated approach to clustering Microarray data","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122522028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","mag":"2122522028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010573984","display_name":"Hanaa M. Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanaa M. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104706884","display_name":"Khaled Benkrid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Benkrid","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057405456","display_name":"H\u00fcseyin \u015eeker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huseyin Seker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bio-Health Informatics Research Group, Center of Computational Intelligence, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","Bio-Health Informatics Research Group, Center for Computational Intelligence, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bio-Health Informatics Research Group, Center of Computational Intelligence, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bio-Health Informatics Research Group, Center for Computational Intelligence, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001069449","display_name":"Ahmet T. Erdogan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet T. Erdogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Level Integration Group, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010573984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89123667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"248","last_page":"255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11468","display_name":"Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7857457399368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7711116075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7403721809387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5686776041984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5354713201522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5300212502479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarray-analysis-techniques","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","score":0.4850258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4447783827781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44012048840522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2956930696964264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.1718473732471466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08723539113998413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7857457399368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7711116075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7403721809387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5686776041984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5354713201522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5300212502479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8415881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839217","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","level":4,"score":0.4850258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4447783827781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44012048840522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2956930696964264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.1718473732471466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08723539113998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ahs.2011.5963944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/8279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2086/8279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W634234357","https://openalex.org/W1511051287","https://openalex.org/W1559440783","https://openalex.org/W1991645955","https://openalex.org/W2041908012","https://openalex.org/W2108994416","https://openalex.org/W2119722822","https://openalex.org/W2132265914","https://openalex.org/W2141720469","https://openalex.org/W2142590712","https://openalex.org/W2151176284","https://openalex.org/W2155110400","https://openalex.org/W2163383000","https://openalex.org/W2169741256","https://openalex.org/W2294477668","https://openalex.org/W4237280149","https://openalex.org/W4244638854","https://openalex.org/W4253587856","https://openalex.org/W6630631390","https://openalex.org/W6679631371","https://openalex.org/W6680757810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2316202402","https://openalex.org/W2074043759","https://openalex.org/W2082487009","https://openalex.org/W2373535795","https://openalex.org/W3103262449","https://openalex.org/W2787763930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Microarray":[1,54,69,124,176],"is":[2,23,35,42,139],"a":[3,24,61,80,113,171,187],"technique":[4,47],"used":[5,48],"by":[6,50,92,126],"biologists":[7],"to":[8,52,64,67,102,107,118,186],"perform":[9],"many":[10,150],"genome":[11,33],"experiments":[12],"simultaneously,":[13],"which":[14,88],"produces":[15],"very":[16],"large":[17],"datasets.":[18,77],"Analysis":[19],"of":[20,32,75,85,123,173],"these":[21,76],"datasets":[22,152],"challenge":[25],"for":[26,142,148],"scientists":[27],"especially":[28],"as":[29,145],"the":[30,73,83,103,120,128],"number":[31],"databases":[34],"increasing":[36],"rapidly":[37],"every":[38],"year.":[39],"K-means":[40,57,121,129],"clustering":[41,122],"an":[43,99],"unsupervised":[44],"data":[45,70,125],"mining":[46],"widely":[49],"bioinformaticians":[51],"analyze":[53],"data.":[55,177],"However,":[56],"can":[58,89],"take":[59],"between":[60],"few":[62],"seconds":[63],"several":[65],"days":[66],"process":[68],"depending":[71],"on":[72,82,162,170],"size":[74],"This":[78],"puts":[79],"limit":[81],"complexity":[84],"biological":[86],"problems":[87],"be":[90],"asked":[91],"bioinfomaticians,":[93],"and":[94,157,167],"hence":[95],"may":[96],"result":[97],"in":[98,131],"incomplete":[100],"solution":[101,144],"problem.":[104],"In":[105],"order":[106],"overcome":[108],"such":[109],"problems,":[110],"we":[111],"propose":[112],"highly":[114],"parallel":[115],"hardware":[116],"design":[117,179],"accelerate":[119],"implementing":[127],"algorithm":[130],"Field":[132],"Programmable":[133],"Gate":[134],"Arrays":[135],"(FPGA).":[136],"Our":[137,178],"implementation":[138],"particularly":[140],"suitable":[141],"server":[143],"it":[146],"allows":[147],"processing":[149],"different":[151],"simultaneously.":[153],"We":[154],"have":[155],"designed,":[156],"implemented":[158],"five":[159],"k-mean":[160],"cores":[161],"Xilinx":[163],"Virtex4":[164],"XC4VLX25":[165],"FPGA,":[166],"tested":[168],"them":[169],"sample":[172],"real":[174],"Yeast":[175],"achieved":[180],"about":[181],"51.7\u00d7":[182],"speed-up":[183],"when":[184],"compared":[185],"software":[188],"model":[189],"while":[190],"being":[191],"206.8\u00d7":[192],"more":[193],"energy":[194],"efficient.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
