{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388039729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718","title":"Coarse Tree Algorithm-Based Detection of Unstructured Cyber-Attacks in Oil and Gas Process Control Networks","display_name":"Coarse Tree Algorithm-Based Detection of Unstructured Cyber-Attacks in Oil and Gas Process Control Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388039729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092450829","display_name":"Ugochukwu Onyekachi Obonna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7042-9013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ugochukwu Onyekachi Obonna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078074418","display_name":"Felix Kelechi Opara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Kelechi Opara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079379820","display_name":"Christian Chidiebere Mbaocha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Chidiebere Mbaocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology,Electrical/Electronic Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014303777","display_name":"Jude-Kennedy Chibuzo Obichere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-3380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jude-Kennedy Chibuzo Obichere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology,Mechatronics Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","Mechatronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology,Mechatronics Engineering,Owerri,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533150","display_name":"Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,ICT Convergence Research Center,Gumi,South Korea","ICT Convergence Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,ICT Convergence Research Center,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Convergence Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018695820","display_name":"Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-1693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","IT-Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102829948","display_name":"Dong\u2010Seong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","IT-Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17885244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"158","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.8729367852210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973648071289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6396193504333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6005885601043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.5627193450927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.5091492533683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4773407280445099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3866211771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38578903675079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3581300675868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31539738178253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20988863706588745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.8729367852210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973648071289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6396193504333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6005885601043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.5627193450927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.5091492533683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4773407280445099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3866211771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38578903675079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3581300675868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31539738178253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20988863706588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon55910.2023.10293718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2965984971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(2018R1A6A1A03024003)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321327","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169951670","https://openalex.org/W2768073426","https://openalex.org/W2806312255","https://openalex.org/W2885128583","https://openalex.org/W2964216374","https://openalex.org/W3096062596","https://openalex.org/W3108866778","https://openalex.org/W3204555464","https://openalex.org/W3214146295","https://openalex.org/W4254826430","https://openalex.org/W4306885299","https://openalex.org/W4313478983","https://openalex.org/W4319997251","https://openalex.org/W6849191530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615977515","https://openalex.org/W2115760278","https://openalex.org/W2265199518","https://openalex.org/W2215365983","https://openalex.org/W2995370509","https://openalex.org/W2184855233","https://openalex.org/W2198908836","https://openalex.org/W2060479059","https://openalex.org/W2494895348","https://openalex.org/W4229698505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"there":[1],"have":[2,12],"been":[3],"malicious":[4],"cyber-attacks":[5],"on":[6,33,125],"oil":[7,74],"and":[8,27,42,75,89,105,117,132],"gas":[9,76],"installations,":[10,77],"which":[11],"increased":[13],"the":[14,30,43,61,66,79,93,101,106,114,120,139,150],"rate":[15],"of":[16,22,25,29,73,119,134],"catastrophic":[17],"damages":[18],"leading":[19],"to":[20,45,54,60,85],"loss":[21,24],"containment,":[23],"life,":[26],"destruction":[28],"environment.":[31],"Cyber-attacks":[32],"process":[34],"control":[35,108],"networks":[36],"could":[37],"be":[38],"in":[39,70,143],"different":[40,67,127],"forms,":[41],"inability":[44],"detect":[46],"such":[47],"unplanned":[48],"attacks":[49],"poses":[50],"a":[51],"massive":[52],"problem":[53],"this":[55],"critical":[56],"infrastructure":[57],"supplying":[58],"energy":[59],"world.":[62],"This":[63],"paper":[64],"reviews":[65],"attack":[68,135],"methods":[69],"SCADA":[71,128,153],"systems":[72],"proposing":[78],"Coarse":[80,122],"Tree":[81,123],"Machine":[82],"Learning":[83],"algorithm":[84,124],"enhance":[86],"network":[87],"surveillance":[88],"monitoring":[90],"while":[91],"protecting":[92],"Process":[94],"Control":[95],"Network":[96],"(PCN)":[97],"data":[98],"exchange":[99],"between":[100],"sensors,":[102],"controllers,":[103],"processes,":[104],"final":[107],"element.":[109],"The":[110,130],"experimental":[111],"results":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"significance,":[115],"reliability,":[116],"applicability":[118],"proposed":[121,140],"two":[126],"datasets.":[129],"quality":[131],"precision":[133],"detection":[136],"further":[137],"validate":[138],"model's":[141],"performance":[142],"reducing":[144],"false":[145],"alarm":[146],"rates":[147],"recorded":[148],"for":[149],"evaluated":[151],"large":[152],"dataset":[154],"over":[155],"an":[156],"extended":[157],"period.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
