{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211143763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","title":"4G RAN Infrastructure Sharing by 5G Virtualized Mobile Network Operators: A Tutorial","display_name":"4G RAN Infrastructure Sharing by 5G Virtualized Mobile Network Operators: A Tutorial","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211143763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","mag":"3211143763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090959974","display_name":"Lusani Mamushiane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6334-0192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lusani Mamushiane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088875367","display_name":"Lawrence Mboweni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Mboweni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065534341","display_name":"Hlabishi Kobo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-2363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hlabishi Kobo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068347815","display_name":"Mduduzi John Mudumbe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mduduzi Mudumbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052036746","display_name":"Joyce Mwangama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-282X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyce Mwangama","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cape Town (UCT),South Africa","University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cape Town (UCT),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058324108","display_name":"Albert A. Lysko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-3513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert A. Lysko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51623877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7699505090713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.751181960105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.5352336764335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enodeb","display_name":"EnodeB","score":0.5337862372398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5331757664680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.512670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47801268100738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troubleshooting","display_name":"Troubleshooting","score":0.45963793992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.45515602827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.4426718056201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.43240344524383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.34156686067581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3232542872428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.2717928886413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.2540653645992279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.14970320463180542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7699505090713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.751181960105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.5352336764335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379353","display_name":"EnodeB","level":4,"score":0.5337862372398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5331757664680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.512670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47801268100738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147494362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078905","display_name":"Troubleshooting","level":2,"score":0.45963793992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.45515602827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.4426718056201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.43240344524383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.34156686067581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3232542872428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.2717928886413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.2540653645992279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.14970320463180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W355083891","https://openalex.org/W1669120122","https://openalex.org/W1830460230","https://openalex.org/W2023834667","https://openalex.org/W2515460162","https://openalex.org/W2624944960","https://openalex.org/W2765894179","https://openalex.org/W2781539221","https://openalex.org/W2788163338","https://openalex.org/W3152144849","https://openalex.org/W4237096239","https://openalex.org/W6637365922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967293702","https://openalex.org/W4301014788","https://openalex.org/W2947120712","https://openalex.org/W2722772013","https://openalex.org/W2963257877","https://openalex.org/W2912116305","https://openalex.org/W3161290381","https://openalex.org/W2740547241","https://openalex.org/W2785430518","https://openalex.org/W3154445902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"radio":[1],"access":[2],"network":[3],"(RAN)":[4],"infrastructure":[5],"sharing":[6,50,111],"has":[7],"emerged":[8],"as":[9,98],"a":[10,40],"promising":[11],"solution":[12],"for":[13,73],"efficient":[14],"spectrum":[15],"utilization,":[16],"capital":[17],"and":[18,26,34,56,64],"operational":[19],"cost":[20],"savings,":[21],"improved":[22],"MVNO":[23],"penetration":[24],"rates":[25],"lower":[27],"broadband":[28],"retail":[29],"prices":[30],"in":[31,81],"both":[32],"emerging":[33],"developed":[35],"markets.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"presents":[39],"tutorial":[41],"on":[42,61],"the":[43,87,99],"testbed":[44],"implementation":[45,75],"of":[46,86,95],"an":[47],"active":[48],"RAN":[49,67,110],"architecture,":[51],"leveraging":[52],"multi-vendor":[53],"virtualized":[54],"5G":[55],"4G":[57,66],"core":[58],"networks":[59],"running":[60],"commodity":[62],"hardware":[63],"proprietary":[65],"equipment":[68],"(eNodeB).":[69],"Troubleshooting":[70],"techniques":[71],"used":[72],"different":[74],"challenges":[76],"encountered":[77],"are":[78],"also":[79],"presented":[80],"this":[82],"contribution.":[83],"The":[84,103],"performance":[85,101,107],"proposed":[88],"architecture":[89],"was":[90],"validated":[91],"using":[92],"end-user":[93],"quality":[94],"experience":[96],"(QoE)":[97],"key":[100],"indicator.":[102],"results":[104],"show":[105],"no":[106],"degradation":[108],"when":[109],"is":[112],"being":[113],"utilized.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}