{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769136350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","title":"LoRa and LoRaWAN testbeds: A review","display_name":"LoRa and LoRaWAN testbeds: A review","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769136350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","mag":"2769136350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045789259","display_name":"Jaco Morn\u00e9 Marais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-4398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaco M. Marais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001248508","display_name":"Reza Malekian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-8085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Malekian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045534879","display_name":"Adnan M. Abu\u2010Mahfouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIR, Meraka Institute, Pretoria, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIR, Meraka Institute, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045789259"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97308905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1496","last_page":"1501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.9841670393943787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7213582396507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7020515203475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5228508114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.49981093406677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44934993982315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4290725886821747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3380201458930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13659465312957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08540824055671692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.9841670393943787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7213582396507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7020515203475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5228508114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.49981093406677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44934993982315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4290725886821747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3380201458930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13659465312957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08540824055671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1881577516","https://openalex.org/W2054283647","https://openalex.org/W2238723005","https://openalex.org/W2243299349","https://openalex.org/W2294352804","https://openalex.org/W2471815506","https://openalex.org/W2520480241","https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2540429289","https://openalex.org/W2542099473","https://openalex.org/W2560463884","https://openalex.org/W2564504513","https://openalex.org/W2571649827","https://openalex.org/W2575239128","https://openalex.org/W2584346992","https://openalex.org/W6639452538","https://openalex.org/W6697523151","https://openalex.org/W6729059106","https://openalex.org/W6731583347","https://openalex.org/W6732860198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888892063","https://openalex.org/W2740439328","https://openalex.org/W3088070213","https://openalex.org/W2901309327","https://openalex.org/W3125356464","https://openalex.org/W2923934659","https://openalex.org/W2979151211","https://openalex.org/W3030891736","https://openalex.org/W2999638909","https://openalex.org/W2554268088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,18,25,71,97,120,124],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,118],"fast-growing":[7],"movement":[8],"turning":[9],"devices":[10,14],"into":[11],"always-connected":[12],"smart":[13,26],"through":[15],"the":[16,23,95,104],"use":[17,38],"communication":[19],"technologies.":[20],"This":[21,101],"facilitates":[22],"creation":[24],"strategies":[27],"allowing":[28],"monitoring":[29],"and":[30,60,68,80,82,99,111,114],"optimization":[31],"as":[32,34,52],"well":[33],"many":[35],"other":[36],"new":[37],"cases":[39],"for":[40,56],"various":[41,57],"sectors.":[42],"Low":[43],"Power":[44],"Wide":[45],"Area":[46],"Networks":[47],"(LPWANs)":[48],"have":[49],"enormous":[50],"potential":[51,96],"they":[53],"are":[54,85,90,126],"suited":[55],"IoT":[58],"applications":[59],"each":[61],"LPWAN":[62],"technology":[63],"has":[64,76,107],"certain":[65],"features,":[66],"capabilities":[67],"limitations.":[69],"One":[70],"these":[72],"technologies,":[73],"namely":[74],"LoRa/LoRaWAN":[75],"several":[77],"promising":[78],"features":[79],"private":[81],"public":[83],"LoRaWANs":[84,125],"increasing":[86],"worldwide.":[87],"Similarly,":[88],"researchers":[89],"also":[91,127],"starting":[92],"to":[93],"study":[94],"LoRa":[98],"LoRaWANs.":[100],"paper":[102],"examines":[103],"work":[105],"that":[106],"already":[108],"been":[109],"done":[110],"identifies":[112],"flaws":[113],"strengths":[115],"by":[116],"performing":[117],"comparison":[119],"created":[121],"testbeds.":[122],"Limitations":[123],"identified.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}