{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770996767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","title":"Lightning protection of HV substations at coastal region and enhanced earthing system \u2014 Case study","display_name":"Lightning protection of HV substations at coastal region and enhanced earthing system \u2014 Case study","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770996767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","mag":"2770996767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036422041","display_name":"Charles Ndungu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Ndungu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113950981","display_name":"J. N. Nderu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Nderu","raw_affiliation_strings":["JKUAT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JKUAT","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083857317","display_name":"Livingstone Ngoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-9701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ngoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023437632","display_name":"Peterson K. Hinga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7591-9695"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Hinga","raw_affiliation_strings":["JKUAT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JKUAT","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036422041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3527,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70257141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1319","last_page":"1324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground","display_name":"Ground","score":0.7833590507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","score":0.6291824579238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm","display_name":"Thunderstorm","score":0.5725409388542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4397301971912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning-strike","display_name":"Lightning strike","score":0.4374186396598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4138632118701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-shielding","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","score":0.41184669733047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.41089823842048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-engineering","display_name":"Forensic engineering","score":0.35248929262161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3248634338378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14542585611343384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.7833590507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.6291824579238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.5725409388542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4397301971912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182236062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15120872","display_name":"Lightning strike","level":3,"score":0.4374186396598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4138632118701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.41184669733047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41089823842048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35248929262161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3248634338378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14542585611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095673","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W623111191","https://openalex.org/W2479046343","https://openalex.org/W3105675900","https://openalex.org/W4246003332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071010365","https://openalex.org/W2106075479","https://openalex.org/W2155600564","https://openalex.org/W3006199805","https://openalex.org/W2379997514","https://openalex.org/W4310829822","https://openalex.org/W3171614835","https://openalex.org/W2981373137","https://openalex.org/W2379875791","https://openalex.org/W2749351325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55,139],"every":[1],"HV":[2],"substations,":[3],"protection":[4,121],"from":[5,15,153],"the":[6,40,53,104,107,112,134,145,151,155],"direct":[7,16],"lightning":[8,17,60,81,122,130],"stroke":[9,18],"is":[10,34,82],"paramount.":[11],"However,":[12],"substations":[13],"protected":[14],"using":[19],"shielding":[20],"wires":[21,42],"at":[22,72],"coastal":[23],"region":[24],"are":[25],"found":[26],"to":[27,31,64,84,102,132],"be":[28,85,93],"more":[29],"susceptible":[30],"failure.":[32],"This":[33,95],"because":[35],"of":[36,39,59,99,106,116,119,129],"accidental":[37],"snapping":[38],"earth":[41,142],"after":[43],"attacked":[44],"by":[45],"severely":[46],"corrosion":[47],"causing":[48],"a":[49],"short":[50],"circuit":[51],"within":[52,111],"substation.":[54,113],"this":[56,66],"regards,":[57],"use":[58,98,115],"masts":[61,108,146],"was":[62,137,147],"proposed":[63],"mitigate":[65],"menaces.":[67],"Despite":[68],"low":[69],"keraunic":[70],"level":[71],"coast":[73],"region,":[74],"approximately":[75],"25":[76],"thunderstorms":[77],"days":[78],"per":[79],"year,":[80],"known":[83],"capricious,":[86],"unpredictable":[87],"and":[88,109],"probabilistic":[89],"event":[90],"hence":[91,149],"cannot":[92],"ignored.":[94],"paper":[96],"explores":[97],"empirical":[100,117],"curves":[101,118],"obtain":[103],"height":[105],"position":[110],"By":[114],"<;0.1%":[120],"exposure,":[123],"1.8\u00d710":[124],"<sup":[125],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[126],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-5</sup>":[127],"number":[128],"expected":[131],"penetrate":[133],"substation,":[135],"SP":[136],"obtained.":[138],"addition,":[140],"integrating":[141],"wire":[143],"inside":[144],"devised":[148],"deterring":[150],"vandals":[152],"accessing":[154],"earthing":[156],"system.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T21:42:39.735039","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}