{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769549719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","title":"CMOS in-pixel optical pulse frequency modulator","display_name":"CMOS in-pixel optical pulse frequency modulator","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769549719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","mag":"2769549719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086382345","display_name":"Nico Nel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nico Nel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035074947","display_name":"Trudi-Heleen Joubert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5146-6271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.-H. Joubert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086382345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15486145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"664","last_page":"670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7235992550849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.570354700088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5241680145263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schematic","display_name":"Schematic","score":0.49443674087524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parasitic-capacitance","display_name":"Parasitic capacitance","score":0.49432826042175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dot-pitch","display_name":"Dot pitch","score":0.49324601888656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.466681569814682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4201020896434784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3876199424266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37749338150024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3700370788574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3691924810409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.35516923666000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.21389788389205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19046330451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18823707103729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1694846749305725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7235992550849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.570354700088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5241680145263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192328126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4514647","display_name":"Schematic","level":2,"score":0.49443674087524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154318817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2157249","display_name":"Parasitic capacitance","level":4,"score":0.49432826042175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179813606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032861","display_name":"Dot pitch","level":3,"score":0.49324601888656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.466681569814682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4201020896434784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3876199424266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37749338150024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3700370788574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3691924810409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.35516923666000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21389788389205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19046330451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18823707103729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1694846749305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496377287","https://openalex.org/W1518146742","https://openalex.org/W1985606679","https://openalex.org/W2031640833","https://openalex.org/W2069427239","https://openalex.org/W2132014979","https://openalex.org/W2135650105","https://openalex.org/W4231501498","https://openalex.org/W4256535051","https://openalex.org/W6824564710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058545256","https://openalex.org/W4396689093","https://openalex.org/W2394034449","https://openalex.org/W2904654231","https://openalex.org/W4210807885","https://openalex.org/W2051045034","https://openalex.org/W2248915580","https://openalex.org/W2999380399","https://openalex.org/W4304890870","https://openalex.org/W2126779451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"covers":[2],"the":[3,29,60,71,74,86,89,95,104,175,179,192,199,228,239,243],"design":[4],"of":[5,28,37,62,73,79,88,94,106,111,124,140,161],"a":[6,16,63,107,137,149,235],"complementary":[7],"metal":[8],"oxide":[9],"semiconductor":[10],"(CMOS)":[11],"pixel":[12,23,96,109],"readout":[13],"circuit":[14,165],"with":[15,136,191,212],"built-in":[17],"frequency":[18,44,215,230],"conversion":[19,31,51],"feature.":[20],"A":[21],"single":[22],"was":[24,40,146,178,209,224],"designed":[25,98,147,170],"containing":[26],"all":[27,202],"signal-to-frequency":[30],"circuitry,":[32],"after":[33],"which":[34],"an":[35,118,125,133,158,213],"array":[36],"64":[38],"pixels":[39],"designed.":[41],"The":[42,128,143,152,164,185,205],"on-chip":[43],"modulation":[45],"technique":[46],"is":[47,130,155],"preferred":[48],"over":[49],"analog-to-digital":[50],"(ADC)":[52],"techniques":[53],"due":[54],"to":[55,102,189,238],"its":[56],"smaller":[57],"size":[58,72,110,194],"and":[59,117,167,174,195,198,220],"possibility":[61],"higher":[64],"dynamic":[65,206],"range.":[66],"Considerations":[67],"are":[68,82,97],"made":[69],"regarding":[70],"components,":[75],"as":[76],"various":[77],"characteristics":[78],"CMOS":[80,181],"devices":[81],"limited":[83],"by":[84,132,242],"decreasing":[85],"scale":[87],"components":[90,93],"[1].":[91],"All":[92],"from":[99],"first":[100],"principles":[101],"meet":[103],"requirements":[105],"small":[108],"30":[112,114],"\u00d7":[113],"square":[115],"micrometers":[116],"output":[119,214,229],"resolution":[120,196],"greater":[121],"than":[122],"that":[123,227],"8-bit":[126],"ADC.":[127],"photodetector":[129],"realized":[131],"n+-p+/p-substrate":[134],"diode":[135],"parasitic":[138],"capacitance":[139],"3.3":[141],"fF.":[142,163],"analog":[144],"front-end":[145],"around":[148],"Schmitt-trigger":[150],"circuit.":[151],"photo":[153],"current":[154],"integrated":[156],"on":[157],"integration":[159],"capacitor":[160],"200":[162],"schematic":[166],"layout":[168,200],"were":[169,187],"using":[171],"Cadence":[172],"Virtuoso":[173],"process":[176],"used":[177],"ams":[180],"350":[182],"nm":[183],"process.":[184],"results":[186],"confirmed":[188],"comply":[190],"required":[193],"specifications":[197],"passed":[201],"verification":[203],"checks.":[204],"range":[207,216,233],"achieved":[208],"58.828":[210],"dB":[211],"between":[217],"12.341":[218],"kHz":[219],"10.783":[221],"MHz.":[222],"It":[223],"also":[225],"found":[226],"in":[231],"this":[232],"has":[234],"linear":[236],"relationship":[237],"photocurrent":[240],"generated":[241],"photodiode.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}