{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769147851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","title":"Investigation of the effects on embedded watermarks under image manipulations","display_name":"Investigation of the effects on embedded watermarks under image manipulations","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769147851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","mag":"2769147851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052306044","display_name":"Nilesh Moti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nilesh Moti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036607092","display_name":"Theo G. Swart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo G. Swart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052306044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16581845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"303","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9244420528411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.8315993547439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.801771879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6266138553619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6084957122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.596940815448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5953236818313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transform-coding","display_name":"Transform coding","score":0.5694694519042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5559395551681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.49146997928619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46242254972457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4561365246772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.3899305462837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3258902430534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.315484881401062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9244420528411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.8315993547439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.801771879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6266138553619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6084957122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.596940815448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5953236818313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.5694694519042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5559395551681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.49146997928619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46242254972457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4561365246772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3899305462837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3258902430534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.315484881401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE AFRICON","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480718847","https://openalex.org/W1600158779","https://openalex.org/W2096015107","https://openalex.org/W2142276208","https://openalex.org/W2148593155","https://openalex.org/W2171803110","https://openalex.org/W2188013925","https://openalex.org/W2328986609","https://openalex.org/W2613636060","https://openalex.org/W6685014904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2949031990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"different":[3],"types":[4],"of":[5,11],"image":[6,23,62,70,107],"watermarking":[7,24,51,71,82,87],"techniques,":[8],"the":[9,17,68,75,80,113],"embedding":[10],"data":[12,18],"or":[13],"copyright":[14],"information":[15],"into":[16],"file,":[19],"are":[20,26,53,65],"investigated.":[21],"Three":[22],"techniques":[25,52,72,88],"discussed,":[27],"namely:":[28],"least":[29,32],"significant":[30,33],"bit,":[31],"bit":[34],"and":[35,40,44],"discrete":[36,41,45],"cosine":[37,42],"transform":[38,43,47],"combined,":[39],"wavelet":[46],"combined.":[48],"These":[49],"embedded":[50,81],"evaluated":[54],"on":[55,77],"how":[56,78],"robust":[57],"each":[58],"technique":[59,83],"is":[60],"under":[61],"manipulations.":[63,85],"Simulations":[64],"done":[66],"using":[67],"three":[69],"to":[73,112],"determine":[74],"effects":[76],"well":[79],"resists":[84],"Different":[86],"resulted":[89],"in":[90,93,100],"high":[91],"robustness":[92,103],"some":[94],"cases":[95,102],"but":[96,106],"showed":[97],"visible":[98],"artefacts,":[99],"other":[101],"was":[104],"low":[105],"quality":[108],"stayed":[109],"relatively":[110],"close":[111],"original":[114],"watermark.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}