{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008423747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","title":"Electricity access in Nigeria: Viability of off-grid photovoltaic system","display_name":"Electricity access in Nigeria: Viability of off-grid photovoltaic system","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008423747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","mag":"2008423747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Africon","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043460233","display_name":"Uduak Akpan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-9472"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Uduak S. Akpan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainability, Policy, and Innovative Development, Research (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","Sustainability, Policy & Innovative Dev. Res. (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability, Policy, and Innovative Development, Research (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability, Policy & Innovative Dev. Res. (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026584098","display_name":"Salisu Isihak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7741-4189"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salisu R. Isihak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainability, Policy, and Innovative Development, Research (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","Sustainability, Policy & Innovative Dev. Res. (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability, Policy, and Innovative Development, Research (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability, Policy & Innovative Dev. Res. (SPIDER) Solutions Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110525839","display_name":"Ye-Obong Udoakah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye-Obong N. Udoakah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043460233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0016,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8465877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7333037853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariff","display_name":"Tariff","score":0.7013378143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-electrification","display_name":"Rural electrification","score":0.6818738579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.6523208022117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidy","display_name":"Subsidy","score":0.6307258009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5596343874931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.553142786026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-in-tariff","display_name":"Feed-in tariff","score":0.5353496670722961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-electricity-by-source","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","score":0.5287637114524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.52540522813797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4788784384727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.4460059404373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid-parity","display_name":"Grid parity","score":0.4351791739463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-metering","display_name":"Net metering","score":0.42023128271102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.4033738374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-economics","display_name":"Natural resource economics","score":0.36346906423568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3434479832649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.29825177788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation","display_name":"Electricity generation","score":0.27368682622909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.25783586502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22266727685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"Photovoltaics","score":0.2142171561717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-policy","display_name":"Energy policy","score":0.18609043955802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1283416450023651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.10805061459541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.09747031331062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7333037853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.7013378143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778970885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3587607","display_name":"Rural electrification","level":4,"score":0.6818738579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.6523208022117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.6307258009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5596343874931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.553142786026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105442212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279637","display_name":"Feed-in tariff","level":4,"score":0.5353496670722961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5979214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126932","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","level":4,"score":0.5287637114524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.52540522813797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4788784384727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4460059404373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186503672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761847","display_name":"Grid parity","level":4,"score":0.4351791739463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779961549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2685471","display_name":"Net metering","level":4,"score":0.42023128271102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.4033738374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.36346906423568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3434479832649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.29825177788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.27368682622909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.25783586502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22266727685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.2142171561717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.18609043955802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1283416450023651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10805061459541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09747031331062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757778","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Africon","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W305006545","https://openalex.org/W1550090681","https://openalex.org/W1964022699","https://openalex.org/W1973584078","https://openalex.org/W1980374769","https://openalex.org/W1998257976","https://openalex.org/W2002401702","https://openalex.org/W2006483420","https://openalex.org/W2026951661","https://openalex.org/W2027783639","https://openalex.org/W2029178977","https://openalex.org/W2039433895","https://openalex.org/W2044847431","https://openalex.org/W2053456536","https://openalex.org/W2057594489","https://openalex.org/W2071274775","https://openalex.org/W2077253949","https://openalex.org/W2078793588","https://openalex.org/W2091680644","https://openalex.org/W2098028373","https://openalex.org/W2125808962","https://openalex.org/W2148725912","https://openalex.org/W2799151920","https://openalex.org/W4292764152","https://openalex.org/W6841987259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113914369","https://openalex.org/W3125707644","https://openalex.org/W2963749216","https://openalex.org/W2804786171","https://openalex.org/W2168151019","https://openalex.org/W1907816522","https://openalex.org/W2945918170","https://openalex.org/W3101603803","https://openalex.org/W4292512862","https://openalex.org/W2800463627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,24],"examines":[2],"the":[3,26,47,54,58,71,90,98,118,132,141,167,198,201,206],"viability":[4],"of":[5,35,49,60,73,152,183,205],"providing":[6],"electricity":[7,82,92,99],"to":[8,29,103,188],"an":[9,36],"un-electrified":[10],"village":[11],"in":[12,76,143,163,181,200],"North-Eastern":[13],"Nigeria":[14,78],"using":[15,40],"a":[16,31,87,126],"mini-grid":[17],"based":[18],"off-grid":[19,37,61],"solar":[20,41],"photovoltaic":[21,42],"system.":[22],"The":[23,106],"employs":[25],"life-cycle":[27],"cost":[28,34,48,59,72],"estimate":[30],"25-year":[32],"life-time":[33],"electrification":[38,62],"project":[39,111,133,207],"panels":[43],"and":[44,97,150,185,203],"compares":[45],"with":[46,63,136],"paying":[50],"for":[51,147],"grid-electricity":[52],"within":[53],"same":[55],"period.":[56],"Comparing":[57],"grid-extension":[64],"is":[65,84,101,169],"more":[66],"appropriate;":[67],"however,":[68],"data":[69],"on":[70],"grid":[74],"extension":[75],"Northern":[77],"are":[79],"scarce.":[80],"Thus,":[81],"tariff":[83,100],"used":[85],"as":[86,123],"proxy":[88],"since":[89,166],"Nigerian":[91],"market":[93],"has":[94],"been":[95],"deregulated":[96],"expected":[102],"be":[104,114,193],"market-reflective.":[105],"result":[107,162],"shows":[108],"that":[109],"such":[110,148],"will":[112,160,192,208],"not":[113,161],"economically":[115],"viable":[116,135],"at":[117],"prevailing":[119],"commercial":[120,144],"lending":[121,145],"rate":[122,146],"it":[124],"yields":[125],"negative":[127],"net":[128],"present":[129],"value.":[130],"However,":[131],"becomes":[134],"adequate":[137],"government":[138,174],"support":[139,179],"through":[140],"reduction":[142],"projects":[149],"provision":[151],"start-up":[153],"grants":[154],"(as":[155],"production":[156],"subsidy).":[157],"Such":[158],"subsidy":[159],"economic":[164],"waste":[165],"target":[168],"clearly":[170],"defined.":[171],"Apart":[172],"from":[173],"financial":[175],"incentives,":[176],"creating":[177],"necessary":[178],"mechanism":[180],"terms":[182],"legal":[184],"regulatory":[186],"frameworks":[187],"encourage":[189],"private":[190],"investment":[191],"necessary.":[194],"In":[195],"addition,":[196],"engaging":[197],"community":[199],"construction":[202],"maintenance":[204],"ensure":[209],"sustainability.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
