{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007199032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","title":"Design and implementation of an autonomous hybrid vehicle","display_name":"Design and implementation of an autonomous hybrid vehicle","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007199032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","mag":"2007199032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Africon '11","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046089121","display_name":"Kay Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001966435","display_name":"A. Corregedor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Corregedor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035262944","display_name":"C. Murcott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Murcott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114181021","display_name":"B. Andrews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070607886","display_name":"Stian Vestly Holte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Holte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084824288","display_name":"Marco Klaus Furrutter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Furrutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108484780","display_name":"M. Evans","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081294047","display_name":"Johnson Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0679-9832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077792830","display_name":"Francois du Plessis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Du Plessis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056305338","display_name":"Johan Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-5551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046089121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5056,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.837898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6847529411315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.640888512134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6168533563613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5287116169929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.503243625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-vehicle","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","score":0.41845646500587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.4151343107223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3719246983528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1712045669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1634816825389862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08909326791763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08305928111076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6847529411315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.640888512134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6168533563613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5287116169929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.503243625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516807790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","level":3,"score":0.41845646500587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.4151343107223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3719246983528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1712045669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1634816825389862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08909326791763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08305928111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072096","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Africon '11","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323959","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129041756","https://openalex.org/W2143064560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174567964","https://openalex.org/W3207942109","https://openalex.org/W2509148198","https://openalex.org/W2318183561","https://openalex.org/W2015682229","https://openalex.org/W2489582871","https://openalex.org/W2302352369","https://openalex.org/W2107054703","https://openalex.org/W2048388156","https://openalex.org/W2301550330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,53],"paper":[1,54],"outlines":[2,109],"the":[3,7,16,49,56,87,98,110,119,127,141,145,157,161,167,172,184,189,198],"design":[4,57,112,128],"strategy":[5],"for":[6],"University":[8],"of":[9,86,100,106,131,147,163,171,202],"Johannesburg's":[10],"(UJ's)":[11],"hybrid":[12,70,125,203],"vehicle":[13,67,88,120,142,158,175,194],"entry":[14],"into":[15,43],"South":[17],"African":[18],"Solar":[19],"Challenge":[20],"(SASC)":[21],"2010.":[22],"The":[23,38,137,151,174,193],"SASC":[24,39,185],"is":[25,40,69],"a":[26,64,148],"biennial":[27],"event":[28],"focused":[29],"on":[30,156],"alternative":[31],"energies":[32],"and":[33,59,76,90,93,124,129,187,200,206],"showcasing":[34],"various":[35],"automotive":[36],"technologies.":[37],"broken":[41],"up":[42],"different":[44,111],"classes;":[45],"UJ":[46,178],"entered":[47],"in":[48,97,115,183],"Greenfleet":[50,190],"Technology":[51,191],"class.":[52,192],"presents":[55],"principles":[58],"strategies":[60],"used":[61,165],"to":[62,79,117,143,181],"implement":[63],"working":[65],"prototype":[66],"which":[68],"(propelled":[71],"by":[72,166],"multiple":[73],"energy":[74,152,204],"sources)":[75],"autonomous":[77,123,207],"(able":[78],"operate":[80],"without":[81],"human":[82],"assistance).":[83],"Various":[84],"specifications":[85],"structure":[89],"systems":[91,133,205],"(brakes":[92],"steering)":[94],"are":[95,134],"discussed":[96],"context":[99],"these":[101,132],"two":[102],"goals.":[103],"A":[104],"description":[105],"physical":[107],"considerations":[108],"decisions":[113],"made":[114],"order":[116],"provide":[118],"with":[121],"its":[122],"capabilities;":[126],"implementation":[130],"also":[135],"described.":[136],"autonomy":[138],"system":[139,154],"allows":[140],"follow":[144],"path":[146],"lead":[149],"vehicle.":[150,173],"management":[153],"implemented":[155],"dynamically":[159],"optimises":[160],"amount":[162],"fuel":[164],"internal":[168],"combustion":[169],"engine":[170],"produced":[176],"at":[177],"was":[179],"able":[180],"participate":[182],"2010":[186],"win":[188],"platform":[195],"has":[196],"allowed":[197],"development":[199],"demonstration":[201],"control.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}