{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995967382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","title":"Application of neural network for sensing primary radio signals in a cognitive radio environment","display_name":"Application of neural network for sensing primary radio signals in a cognitive radio environment","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995967382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","mag":"1995967382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Africon '11","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112438687","display_name":"Jide Julius Popoola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jide Julius Popoola","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038813490","display_name":"Rex van Olst","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rex van Olst","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112438687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1507,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91609483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.9124858379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7373158931732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.622901439666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.5070819854736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.4855932593345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.4550323486328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.43082308769226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.42712274193763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3925999402999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.326668381690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20072343945503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.18699535727500916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.9124858379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7373158931732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.622901439666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.5070819854736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.4855932593345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.4550323486328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43082308769226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.42712274193763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3925999402999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.326668381690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20072343945503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.18699535727500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072009","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Africon '11","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12486552","https://openalex.org/W1555672794","https://openalex.org/W1580469463","https://openalex.org/W2049468127","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2086654287","https://openalex.org/W2092904426","https://openalex.org/W2093495435","https://openalex.org/W2103214037","https://openalex.org/W2109017833","https://openalex.org/W2120636900","https://openalex.org/W2131787605","https://openalex.org/W2144369278","https://openalex.org/W2146557391","https://openalex.org/W2147893740","https://openalex.org/W2152447715","https://openalex.org/W2159179663","https://openalex.org/W2163263987","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2170524206","https://openalex.org/W2543231928","https://openalex.org/W4297845696","https://openalex.org/W6600511767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545213287","https://openalex.org/W2236567279","https://openalex.org/W4225341666","https://openalex.org/W2392764151","https://openalex.org/W2162075876","https://openalex.org/W2336181987","https://openalex.org/W2598828511","https://openalex.org/W1988869880","https://openalex.org/W2381640075","https://openalex.org/W1995578397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112,144],"use":[1,211],"of":[2,20,67,71,109,122,155,166,177,181,212,215],"radio":[3,126,183,188,203,208],"spectrum":[4,11,22,31,38],"is":[5,41],"currently":[6],"regulated":[7],"by":[8,23],"a":[9,44,132,172,186],"fixed":[10],"allocation":[12],"policy.":[13],"This":[14],"has":[15],"led":[16],"to":[17,47,51],"an":[18,140,151],"under-utilization":[19],"licensed":[21,24,55,72,78,110],"users,":[25,77],"while":[26],"other":[27,192],"users":[28,50,73],"are":[29,96],"experiencing":[30],"shortages.":[32],"To":[33,57],"correct":[34],"this":[35,86,116,130,167,195],"situation,":[36],"dynamic":[37],"access":[39],"(DSA)":[40],"emerging":[42],"as":[43,201],"promising":[45],"technology":[46],"enable":[48,58],"unlicensed":[49,61],"operate":[52],"in":[53,115,185,205],"unused":[54],"spectrum.":[56],"DSA,":[59],"the":[60,65,69,107,120,159,164,206],"user":[62],"must":[63],"posses":[64],"capability":[66],"detecting":[68,92],"presence/absence":[70,108],"so":[74,162],"that":[75],"all":[76,179,202],"and":[79],"unlicensed,":[80],"can":[81],"coexist":[82],"without":[83],"interference.":[84],"In":[85,128],"paper,":[87],"different":[88],"sensing":[89,106,121,174,178,196],"methods":[90],"for":[91,105],"primary":[93,125,182],"users'":[94],"signals":[95,184],"reviewed":[97],"before":[98],"proposing":[99],"automatic":[100,134],"modulation":[101,135,216],"classification":[102],"detection's":[103],"method":[104,175,197],"users.":[111],"research":[113,169],"presented":[114],"paper":[117],"focuses":[118],"on":[119],"digitally":[123],"modulated":[124],"signals.":[127,223],"achieving":[129],"objective,":[131],"digital":[133],"classifier":[136,145],"was":[137],"developed":[138],"using":[139],"artificial":[141],"neural":[142],"network.":[143],"results":[146],"show":[147],"accurate":[148],"performance":[149,200],"with":[150,191],"average":[152],"success":[153,160],"rate":[154],"above":[156],"99.50%.":[157],"With":[158],"recorded":[161],"far,":[163],"outcomes":[165],"on-going":[168],"will":[170],"produce":[171],"single":[173],"capable":[176],"forms":[180],"cognitive":[187,207],"environment.":[189],"Compared":[190],"detection":[193],"methods,":[194],"promises":[198],"better":[199],"devices":[204],"environment":[209],"make":[210],"one":[213],"form":[214],"technique":[217],"or":[218],"another":[219],"when":[220],"transmitting":[221],"their":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
