{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121996250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","title":"The significance of facial features for automatic sign language recognition","display_name":"The significance of facial features for automatic sign language recognition","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121996250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","mag":"2121996250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face &amp; Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031651501","display_name":"Ulrich von Agris","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich von Agris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072963268","display_name":"Moritz Knorr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Knorr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031874383","display_name":"Karl\u2013Friedrich Kraiss","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl-Friedrich Kraiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Man-Machine-Interaction, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89261071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.787766695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.7276352047920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6730861067771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6333845853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6199727058410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5922120213508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.5554987788200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5458886027336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5350144505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.49846816062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4674575924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4609340727329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.44304922223091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4319089651107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3853997588157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.24063238501548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1062110960483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08081516623497009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.787766695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.7276352047920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6730861067771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6333845853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6199727058410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5922120213508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.5554987788200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5458886027336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5350144505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.49846816062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4674575924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4609340727329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.44304922223091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4319089651107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3853997588157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.24063238501548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1062110960483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08081516623497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813472","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face &amp; Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:98290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/98290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition : FG 2008 ; Amsterdam, Netherlands, 17 - 19 September 2008<br/>8. IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, FG 2008, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2008-09-17 - 2008-09-19","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502380658","https://openalex.org/W1540844929","https://openalex.org/W1550181647","https://openalex.org/W1981073134","https://openalex.org/W2097501508","https://openalex.org/W2112382942","https://openalex.org/W2114304245","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2158509166","https://openalex.org/W2404672190","https://openalex.org/W2485350423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W4220850864","https://openalex.org/W2024640171","https://openalex.org/W63491089","https://openalex.org/W2185537520","https://openalex.org/W4246863173","https://openalex.org/W2166031825","https://openalex.org/W2129261353","https://openalex.org/W2811312030","https://openalex.org/W4283639758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"facial":[1,45,54,80,114,149],"features":[2],"are":[3],"considered":[4],"to":[5,10,63],"be":[6],"essential":[7],"for":[8,23,123],"humans":[9],"understand":[11],"sign":[12,25,95],"language,":[13],"no":[14],"prior":[15],"research":[16],"work":[17],"has":[18],"yet":[19],"examined":[20],"their":[21],"significance":[22],"automatic":[24],"language":[26,96],"recognition":[27,38,121],"or":[28],"presented":[29],"some":[30],"evaluation":[31,89],"results.":[32],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"describes":[35],"a":[36,76,93],"vision-based":[37],"system":[39],"that":[40],"employs":[41],"both":[42],"manual":[43],"and":[44,72,82,125],"features,":[46],"extracted":[47],"from":[48,147],"the":[49,70,110,117,148],"same":[50],"input":[51],"image.":[52],"For":[53],"feature":[55],"extraction":[56],"an":[57],"active":[58],"appearance":[59],"model":[60],"is":[61,85],"applied":[62],"identify":[64],"areas":[65],"of":[66,79,102,112,141],"interest":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69,131,133],"eyes":[71],"mouth":[73],"region.":[74],"Afterwards":[75],"numerical":[77],"description":[78],"expression":[81],"lip":[83],"outline":[84],"computed.":[86],"An":[87],"extensive":[88],"was":[90],"performed":[91],"on":[92],"new":[94],"corpus,":[97],"which":[98],"contains":[99],"continuous":[100,126],"articulations":[101],"25":[103],"native":[104],"signers.":[105],"The":[106,120],"obtained":[107],"results":[108],"proved":[109],"importance":[111],"integrating":[113],"expressions":[115],"into":[116],"classification":[118],"process.":[119],"rates":[122],"isolated":[124],"signing":[127],"increased":[128],"in":[129,134],"signer-dependent":[130],"well":[132],"signer-independent":[135],"operation":[136],"mode.":[137],"Interestingly,":[138],"roughly":[139],"two":[140],"ten":[142],"signs":[143],"were":[144],"recognized":[145],"just":[146],"features.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
